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aphug > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Domestication

A

The long-term process through which humans selectively breed, protect, and care for individuals taken from populations of wild plant and animal species to create genetically distinct species, known as domesticates

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2
Q

The First Agricultural Revolution

A

Period during which the early domestication and diffusion of plants and animals and the cultivation of seed crops led to the development of agriculture

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3
Q

Hearths

A

A center where innovations or new practices develop and from which the innovations or new practices spread or diffuse

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4
Q

Colombian exchange

A

The interaction and widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, disease, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

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5
Q

Green Revolution

A

The U.S.-supported development of high-yield seed varieties that increased the productivity of cereal crops and accompanying agricultural technologies for transfer to less developed countries

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6
Q

Dispersed / isolated settlement

A

A settlement pattern in which families live relatively distant from one another

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7
Q

Linear settlement patterns

A

A settlement pattern in which buildings are arranged in a line, often along a road or river; limited to areas where legal systems dictated that property lines must be rectangular

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8
Q

Survey methods

A

The methods used by surveyors to lay out property lines

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9
Q

Clustered settlements (farm villages)

A

A tightly bunched farm settlement that has anywhere from a few dozen to several hundred inhabitants

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10
Q

Settlement patterns

A

The ways in which people organize themselves on the land

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11
Q

Farmstead

A

Center of farm operations, which includes the farmhouse, barns, shed, livestock pens, and family garden

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12
Q

Metes and bounds

A

Survey system that uses natural features such as trees, boulders, and streams to delineate property boundaries

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13
Q

Township and range

A

Land survey system created by the U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785, which divides most of the country’s territory into a grid of square-shaped townships with 6-mile sides

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14
Q

Cadastral survey

A

Systematic documentation of property ownership, shape, use, and boundaries

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15
Q

Long-lot survey

A

A unit-block surveying system whose basic unit is a rectangle that is typically 10 times longer than it is wide

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16
Q

The Second Agricultural Revolution

A

Period that brought improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce that began in the late 1600s and continued through the 1930s

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17
Q

Agribusiness

A

Large corporation that provides a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry

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18
Q

Arid climate

A

A climate that receives less than 10 inches (25 centimeters) of rain annually

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19
Q

Semiarid / steppe climate

A

A climate that receives about 10 to 20 inches (25 to 50 centimeters) of rain annually that can support farming

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20
Q

Moderate climate

A

A climate with an average year-round temperature of 75 degrees Fahrenheit (24 degrees Celsius); found north and south of the equator on the edges of tropical climates

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21
Q

Humid subtropical climate

A

A climate with long, hot summers and short, mild winters with variable precipitation; found on east coasts of continents

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22
Q

Marine west coast climates

A

A climate found along western coasts of continents closer to the poles; characterized by moderate temperatures during long summers and cool winters

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23
Q

Mediterranean climate

A

A climate with winter precipitation, unusually mild winters, and clear skies with abundant sunshine; found along the Mediterranean Sea and a few coastal regions

24
Q

Continental climates

A

A climate that has a large range of temperatures and moderate precipitation; found in the interior of continents, north of the moderate climate zones

25
Q

Bid-rent theory

A

Explains how the demand for and price of land decrease as its distance from the central business district increases

26
Q

Central business district (CBD)

A

A dense cluster of offices and shops located at a city’s most accessible point, usually its center

27
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety and variability among species and ecosystems

28
Q

Cadastral survey

A

Systematic documentation of property ownership, shape, use, and boundaries

29
Q

Cash crops

A

A crop raised to be sold for profit rather than to feed the farm family and the livestock; common cash crops are cotton, flax, hemp, coffee, and tobacco

30
Q

Intensive agriculture

A

Crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that use high levels of labor and capital relative to the size of the landholding

31
Q

Subsistence farming

A

Food production mainly for consumption by the farming family and local community, rather than principally for sale in the market

32
Q

Commercial agriculture

A

Farming oriented exclusively toward the production of agricultural commodities for sale in the market

33
Q

Market gardening

A

A small-scale farming system in which a farmer plants one to a few acres that produce a diverse mixture of vegetables and fruits, mostly for sale in local and regional markets

34
Q

Truck farm

A

A scaled-up version of market gardening, with more acreage, less crop diversity, and a stronger orientation toward more distant markets

35
Q

Plantation

A

Large landholding devoted to capital-intensive, specialized production of a single tropical or subtropical crop for the global marketplace

36
Q

Mixed crop / livestock agriculture

A

A diversified system of agriculture based on the cultivation of cereal grains and root crops (such as potatoes and yams) and the rearing of herd livestock

37
Q

Cereal grains

A

Seeds that come from a wide variety of grasses cultivated around the world, including wheat, barley, sorghum, millet, oats, and maize (corn)

38
Q

Root crops

A

Vegetables that form below ground and must be dug at maturity, such as cassava, potatoes, and yams

39
Q

Paddy rice farming

A

A system of wet rice cultivation on small level fields bordered by impermeable dikes; the fields (paddies) are flooded with 4–6 inches (10–15 centimeters) of water for about three-quarters of the growing season

40
Q

Grain farming

A

A highly mechanized commercial farming system that specializes in the production of cereal grains; requires large farms and widespread use of machinery, synthetic fertilizer, pesticides, and genetically engineered seeds

41
Q

Livestock fattening

A

An intensive system of animal feeding utilizing fenced enclosures to fatten livestock, mostly cattle and hogs, for slaughter and processing for the market

42
Q

Feedlots

A

A fenced enclosure used for intensive livestock feeding that serves to limit livestock movement and associated weight loss

43
Q

Dairy farming

A

A farming system that specializes in the breeding, rearing, and utilization of livestock (primarily cows) to produce milk and its various by-products, such as yogurt, butter, and cheese

44
Q

Extensive agriculture

A

Crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that require little hired labor or monetary investment to successfully raise crops and animals

45
Q

Shifting cultivation

A

The cultivation of a plot of land until it becomes less productive, typically over a period of about three to five years; when productivity drops, the farmer shifts to a new plot of land that has been prepared by slash-and-burn agriculture

46
Q

Slash-and-burn / Swidden agriculture

A

Agriculture that involves cutting small plots in forests or woodlands, burning the cuttings to clear the round and release nutrients, and planting in the ash of the cleared plot

47
Q

Intercropping

A

The farming practice of planting multiple crops together in the same clearing

48
Q

Nomadic herding / pastoralist

A

A system of breeding and rearing herd livestock, such as cattle, sheep, or goats, by following the seasonal movement of rainfall to areas of open pasturelands

49
Q

Livestock ranching

A

The practice of using extensive tracts of land to rear herds of livestock to sell as meat, hides, or wool

50
Q

Contract farming

A

Arrangement between an independent farmer and an agribusiness company to produce a crop; the agribusiness provides the farmer with all the supplies needed to produce a crop in exchange for a guaranteed price and buyer

51
Q

Deforestation

A

Clearing and destruction of forests to clear land for agriculture use

52
Q

Desertification

A

The process by which once-fertile land becomes desert as a result of climate variation or human activities

53
Q

Double-cropping

A

Planting another crop on the same plot of land as soon as the first crop has been harvested

54
Q

Environmental contamination

A

Chemical residue that builds up with each application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides

55
Q

Soil salinization

A

The concentration of dissolved salts in the soil

56
Q

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

A

A living organism, including crops and livestock, that is produced through genetic engineering

57
Q

Long-lot survey

A

A unit-block surveying system whose basic unit is a rectangle that is typically 10 times longer than it is wide

aphug (7 decks)

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