Unit 5 Flashcards
Agribusiness
agriculture conducted on commercial principles, especially using advanced technology.
Agrichemicals
a chemical used in agriculture, such as a pesticide or a fertilizer.
Agricultural Cooperative
cooperative businesses owned by farmers, to undertake transformation, packaging, distribution, and marketing of farm products
Agricultural Landscape
he visible outcomes of the interaction between agriculture, natural resources and the environment
Agriculture
the science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products
Aquaculture
breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants
Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing material, consisting of permeable or fractured rock, or of unconsolidated materials
Arid Climate
The desert climate or arid climate is a dry climate sub-type in which there is a severe excess of evaporation over precipitation. The typically bald, rocky, or sandy surfaces
Bid-Rent theory
The bid rent theory is a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district increases
Biodiesel
a renewable, biodegradable fuel manufactured domestically from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease
Biodiversity
all the different kinds of life you’ll find in one area
Biofuel
liquid fuels produced from renewable biological sources, including plants and algae
Cadastral Survey
create, define, mark, and re-establish the boundaries and subdivisions of the public lands of the United States
Capital Expenditures
funds used by a company to acquire, upgrade, and maintain physical assets such as property, plants, buildings, technology, or equipment
Cash Crops
Cash crops are grown for direct sale in the market, rather than for family consumption or to feed livestock. Coffee, cocoa, tea, sugarcane, cotton, and spices
cassava
plant
Central Business District
A central business district is the commercial and business centre of a city.
Cereal grains
wheat, oats, rice, corn (maize), barley, sorghum, rye, and millet.
Climate
the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area.
clustered settlement or farm village
a rural settlement where a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings.
Colombus Exchange
Christopher Columbus introduced horses, sugar plants, and disease to the New World, while facilitating the introduction of New World commodities like sugar, tobacco, chocolate, and potatoes to the Old World. The process by which commodities, people, and diseases crossed the Atlantic is known as the Columbian Exchange.
commercial agriculture
farming that focuses on producing agricultural products for sale in the market rather than solely for subsistence purposes
Commodity
In economics, a commodity is an economic good, usually a resource, that specifically has full or substantial fungibility: that is, the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them
Commodity Chain
a process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities, and finally, distribute them to consumers
Community-Supported Agriculture
a way to buy local food directly from a farmer.
concentrated animal feeding operations
agricultural meat, dairy, or egg facilities where animals are kept and raised in confinement. Instead of grazing or eating in pastures, fields, or on range lands, animals are given food.
Continental Climate
It includes temperature extremes, large diurnal and seasonal ranges of temperature, small annual precipitation totals, and low relative humidities.
Contract farming
The farmer undertakes to supply agreed quantities of a crop or livestock product, based on the quality standards and delivery requirements of the purchaser
Conventional Agriculture
he use of seeds that have been genetically altered using a variety of traditional breeding methods, excluding biotechnology, and are not certified as organic
Cool Chain
A cold chain or cool chain is a temperature-controlled supply chain that involves the storage, transportation and distribution of perishable goods
Crossbreeding
produce (an animal or plant) by mating or hybridizing two different species, breeds, or varieties.
“he taught himself how to crossbreed superior seeds”
Dairying
the business of producing, storing, and distributing milk and its products.
Dead zone
areas of water bodies where aquatic life cannot survive because of low oxygen levels
Deforestation
the purposeful clearing of forested land.
desertification
the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.
dispersed settlement or isolated settlement pattern
dispersed settlements range from a scattered to an isolated pattern
Division of labor
combines specialization and the partition of a complex production task into several, or many, sub-tasks
Domesticated animals
have been genetically adapted over generations to live alongside humans
Domesticated Plant
when their life cycle, behavior, or appearance has been significantly altered as a result of being under artificial selection by humans for multiple generations
Domestication
the process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or on a farm.
Double-cropping
In agriculture, multiple cropping or multicropping is the practice of growing two or more crops in the same piece of land during one year, instead of just one crop
Endemic
(of a plant or animal) native and restricted to a certain place.
Environmental Contamination
Chemicals can contaminate our water, land, or air by accident or on purpose from industrial, commercial, and residential activities
Export Commodity
aw materials, goods or resources produced in one country, and shipped to other countries to be distributed and sold
Extensive Agriculture
system of crop cultivation using small amounts of labour and capital in relation to area of land being farmed.
Fair Trade
Fair trade is a term for an arrangement designed to help producers in developing countries achieve sustainable and equitable trade relationships
Family Farm
A family farm is generally understood to be a farm owned and/or operated by a family; it is sometimes considered to be an estate passed down by inheritance.
Famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food, caused by several factors including war, natural disasters, crop failure, widespread poverty, an economic catastrophe or government policies.
farmers
a person who owns or manages a farm.
Farmers market
a food market at which local farmers sell fruit and vegetables and often meat, cheese, and bakery products directly to consumers.
Farmstead
a farm and its buildings.
Feedlot
A feedlot or feed yard is a type of animal feeding operation which is used in intensive animal farming, notably beef cattle, but also swine, horses, sheep, turkeys, chickens or ducks, prior to slaughter
Fertile crescent
a crescent-shaped region in Western Asia. Formed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the Mediterranean Sea,
First Agricultural Revolution
Eurasia from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible.
Food Desert
A food desert is an area that has limited access to affordable and nutritious food
Food Insecurity
when people don’t have enough to eat and don’t know where their next meal will come from
Food Security
when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
Genetically Modified Organism, GMO
an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
Global Supply Chain
covers all the steps involved in manufacturing and delivering a product or service when those steps take place in more than one country.
Grain Elevator
The grain elevator is a facility that stores dry, small cereal grains; it handles grain in bulk rather than in bags or sacks, and it stores, moves, and processes grain vertically
Grain Farming
growing grain crops and grain seeds to harvest their seeds at the end of the growing season
green revolution
period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields.
Hearth (Agriculture)
the “birthplace” of a crop, or where a crop is known to have originated before its spread throughout the world.
Herbicide
chemicals used to manipulate or control undesirable vegetation.
Hierarchical Diffusion
spread of an idea from persons of authority or power to other persons.
Humid Cold climate
a moist and cold environment that is quite common during winter months in places as far-flung as Boston, San Francisco, and London.
Humid Continental Climate
a climatic region typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freezing cold (sometimes severely cold in the northern areas) winters.
Humid subtropical climate
a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cool to mild winters.
Hybrid
an offspring of two animals or plants of different subspecies, breeds, varieties, species, or genera
Indus river valley
the Indus River provided water for the cultivation and trading of goods internationally. (northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India)
Intensive Agriculture
system of cultivation using large amounts of labour and capital relative to land area
Intercropping
grow (a crop) among plants of a different kind, usually in the space between rows.
Irrigated Agriculture
allows for crop production in arid regions and supplements soil moisture in humid regions when growing season precipitation is insufficient
Large scale commercial operation
the production of crops or livestock on a large scale, often using modern techniques and technologies, such as mechanization and irrigation, to increase efficiency and productivity
Linear settlement plan
A linear settlement is a settlement or group of buildings that is formed in a long line. Many of these settlements are formed along a transport route, such as a road, river, or canal.
Livestock Fattening
fattening for slaughter
Livestock Ranching
the practice of raising herds of animals on large tracts of land
Locavores
people who actively seek vegetables, fruits, dairy products, eggs and meats that are produced locally
Long lot survey system
sed to divide parcels of land along a waterfront in order to give the maximum number of lots water access.
Mariculture
the farming of marine organisms for food and other products such as pharmaceuticals, food additives, jewelry (e.g., cultured pearls), nutraceuticals, and cosmetics
Marine West Coast Climate
There are only two seasons, summer and winter. The average low is 30 degrees Fahrenheit in winter months and can reach 72 degrees F in summer months. This region is known for its wet, humid air
Market Gardening
the commercial pro- duction of vegetables, fruits, flowers and other plants on a scale larger than a home garden, yet small enough that many of the principles of gardening are applicable
Mechanical Reaper
the machine consisted of a vibrating cutting blade, a reel to bring the grain within its reach, and a platform to receive the falling grain
Mediterranean climate
hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters
Meseoamerica
comprises the modern day countries of northern Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, and central to southern Mexico
Metes and bounds
limits or boundaries of a tract of land as identified by natural landmarks, such as rivers, or by man-made structures, such as roads, or by stakes or other markers.
Millet
a fast-growing cereal plant that is widely grown in warm countries and regions with poor soils. The numerous small seeds are used to make flour or alcoholic drinks.
Mixed crop/livestock agriculture
a sustainable practice that combines crop cultivation and livestock rearing on the same farm.
Moderate Climate
mild temperatures, low variability in weather conditions, and moderate rainfall.
Monocropping
the practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land.
Monsoon
Monsoon
A monsoon is a seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds of a region.
Monsoon rain
easonal reversal in atmospheric low-level circulations, particularly the surface winds and associated precipitation, resulting in a pattern of wet summers and dry winters.
Multicropping
Two or more species growing on the same piece of land, where at least part of the growth cycles of different species
Nomadic Herding
the farming method that involves herders and farmers traveling from place to place with their flocks of animals.
Nutrient Pollution
the process where too many nutrients, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, are added to bodies of water and can act like fertilizer, causing excessive growth of algae.
Nutrients
a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.
Organic Farming
food grown and processed using no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides.
Paddy rice farming
small, level, flooded field used to cultivate rice in southern and eastern Asia.
Peasants
small scale farmers who own their fields
Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are used to control pests.
Physical geography
the study of the processes that shape the Earth’s surface, the animals and plants that inhabit it, and the spatial patterns they exhibit
Plantation
an estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are cultivated by resident labor.
proprietary seeds
often used to indicate germplasm or breeding methods that are solely used internally within a company for breeding or research
Root crops
Root vegetables are underground plant parts eaten by humans as food
Runoff
Surface runoff is the unconfined flow of water over the ground surface, in contrast to channel runoff. It occurs when excess rainwater, stormwater, meltwater, or other sources, can no longer sufficiently rapidly infiltrate in the soil
Rural Area
open countryside with population densities less than 500 people per square mile and places with fewer than 2,500 people
Rural Settlements
the situations where people settle on the outskirts of cities and towns
Scythe
an implement used for mowing grass, grain, or other crops and composed of a long curving blade fastened at an angle to a long handle.
Second Agricultural revolution
accompanied the Industrial Revolution that began in Great Britain in the 18th century. It involved the mechanization of agricultural production, advances in transportation, development of large-scale irrigation, and changes to consumption patterns of agricultural goods.
Seed drill
a device used in agriculture that sows seeds for crops by positioning them in the soil and burying them to a specific depth
semiarid climate
hot, or sometimes extremely hot, summers and warm to cool winters, with some to minimal precipitation
Settlement Patterns
nucleated, linear and dispersed.
Shifting Cultivation
Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned while post-disturbance fallow vegetation is allowed to freely grow while the cultivator moves on to another plot
Silo
A silo is a structure for storing bulk materials. Silos are used in agriculture to store grain or fermented feed known as silage.
Slash and Burn agriculture
a widely used method of growing food in which wild or forested land is clear cut and any remaining vegetation burned.
Slow-food
Promoted as an alternative to fast food, it strives to preserve traditional and regional cuisine and encourages farming of plants, seeds, and livestock characteristic of the local ecosystem.
Soil salinity
the salt content in the soil
Soil salinization
an excessive accumulation of water-soluble salts
Sorghum
Sorghum grain is a nutritious food rich in protein,
subsidies
direct payments to farmers and landlords
Subsistent Agriculture
form of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer’s family, leaving little, if any, surplus for sale or trade.
Suitcase farmer
farmers who did not live on the land they farmed and spent minimal time planting and harvesting crops, or who outsourced the labor.
Survey methods
Survey methodology is “the study of survey methods”. As a field of applied statistics concentrating on human-research surveys, survey methodology studies the sampling of individual units from a population
Sustainable agriculture
farming in such a way to protect the environment, aid and expand natural resources and to make the best use of nonrenewable resources.
Synthetic fertilizer
derived from chemicals such as ammonia, natural gas, atmospheric nitrogen, phosphate minerals, and sulfur
Teosinte
Corn
Topography
the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area.
township and range
Townships are the horizontal rows and ranges are the vertical rows in the PLSS.
Tropical wet and dry climate
annual rainfall above 39 inches, but its dry season last more than 2 months.
Tropical wet climate
warm temperatures and regular rainfall.
Truck farm
a farm that produces vegetables for the market
Tundra
a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons.
Urban farming
Urban agriculture refers to various practices of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in urban areas
Value added specialty crops
Value-added producers are able to economically profit by growing these alternative crops instead of traditional crops. Some alternative crops that show promise include industrial hemp for its fiber, kenaf for fiber, and castor bean for its oil.
Water control land reclamation
building a series of dikes to enclose tidal marshes or shallow offshore waters and draining these enclosures to create dry land
Weather
the state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc.
Water mining
Removal of the non renewable ground water
