Unit 5 Flashcards
Agribusiness
agriculture conducted on commercial principles, especially using advanced technology.
Agrichemicals
a chemical used in agriculture, such as a pesticide or a fertilizer.
Agricultural Cooperative
cooperative businesses owned by farmers, to undertake transformation, packaging, distribution, and marketing of farm products
Agricultural Landscape
he visible outcomes of the interaction between agriculture, natural resources and the environment
Agriculture
the science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products
Aquaculture
breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants
Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing material, consisting of permeable or fractured rock, or of unconsolidated materials
Arid Climate
The desert climate or arid climate is a dry climate sub-type in which there is a severe excess of evaporation over precipitation. The typically bald, rocky, or sandy surfaces
Bid-Rent theory
The bid rent theory is a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district increases
Biodiesel
a renewable, biodegradable fuel manufactured domestically from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease
Biodiversity
all the different kinds of life you’ll find in one area
Biofuel
liquid fuels produced from renewable biological sources, including plants and algae
Cadastral Survey
create, define, mark, and re-establish the boundaries and subdivisions of the public lands of the United States
Capital Expenditures
funds used by a company to acquire, upgrade, and maintain physical assets such as property, plants, buildings, technology, or equipment
Cash Crops
Cash crops are grown for direct sale in the market, rather than for family consumption or to feed livestock. Coffee, cocoa, tea, sugarcane, cotton, and spices
cassava
plant
Central Business District
A central business district is the commercial and business centre of a city.
Cereal grains
wheat, oats, rice, corn (maize), barley, sorghum, rye, and millet.
Climate
the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area.
clustered settlement or farm village
a rural settlement where a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings.
Colombus Exchange
Christopher Columbus introduced horses, sugar plants, and disease to the New World, while facilitating the introduction of New World commodities like sugar, tobacco, chocolate, and potatoes to the Old World. The process by which commodities, people, and diseases crossed the Atlantic is known as the Columbian Exchange.
commercial agriculture
farming that focuses on producing agricultural products for sale in the market rather than solely for subsistence purposes
Commodity
In economics, a commodity is an economic good, usually a resource, that specifically has full or substantial fungibility: that is, the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them
Commodity Chain
a process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities, and finally, distribute them to consumers
Community-Supported Agriculture
a way to buy local food directly from a farmer.
concentrated animal feeding operations
agricultural meat, dairy, or egg facilities where animals are kept and raised in confinement. Instead of grazing or eating in pastures, fields, or on range lands, animals are given food.
Continental Climate
It includes temperature extremes, large diurnal and seasonal ranges of temperature, small annual precipitation totals, and low relative humidities.
Contract farming
The farmer undertakes to supply agreed quantities of a crop or livestock product, based on the quality standards and delivery requirements of the purchaser
Conventional Agriculture
he use of seeds that have been genetically altered using a variety of traditional breeding methods, excluding biotechnology, and are not certified as organic
Cool Chain
A cold chain or cool chain is a temperature-controlled supply chain that involves the storage, transportation and distribution of perishable goods
Crossbreeding
produce (an animal or plant) by mating or hybridizing two different species, breeds, or varieties.
“he taught himself how to crossbreed superior seeds”
Dairying
the business of producing, storing, and distributing milk and its products.
Dead zone
areas of water bodies where aquatic life cannot survive because of low oxygen levels
Deforestation
the purposeful clearing of forested land.
desertification
the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.
dispersed settlement or isolated settlement pattern
dispersed settlements range from a scattered to an isolated pattern
Division of labor
combines specialization and the partition of a complex production task into several, or many, sub-tasks
Domesticated animals
have been genetically adapted over generations to live alongside humans
Domesticated Plant
when their life cycle, behavior, or appearance has been significantly altered as a result of being under artificial selection by humans for multiple generations
Domestication
the process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or on a farm.
Double-cropping
In agriculture, multiple cropping or multicropping is the practice of growing two or more crops in the same piece of land during one year, instead of just one crop
Endemic
(of a plant or animal) native and restricted to a certain place.
Environmental Contamination
Chemicals can contaminate our water, land, or air by accident or on purpose from industrial, commercial, and residential activities
Export Commodity
aw materials, goods or resources produced in one country, and shipped to other countries to be distributed and sold
Extensive Agriculture
system of crop cultivation using small amounts of labour and capital in relation to area of land being farmed.
Fair Trade
Fair trade is a term for an arrangement designed to help producers in developing countries achieve sustainable and equitable trade relationships
Family Farm
A family farm is generally understood to be a farm owned and/or operated by a family; it is sometimes considered to be an estate passed down by inheritance.
Famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food, caused by several factors including war, natural disasters, crop failure, widespread poverty, an economic catastrophe or government policies.
farmers
a person who owns or manages a farm.
Farmers market
a food market at which local farmers sell fruit and vegetables and often meat, cheese, and bakery products directly to consumers.
Farmstead
a farm and its buildings.
Feedlot
A feedlot or feed yard is a type of animal feeding operation which is used in intensive animal farming, notably beef cattle, but also swine, horses, sheep, turkeys, chickens or ducks, prior to slaughter
Fertile crescent
a crescent-shaped region in Western Asia. Formed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the Mediterranean Sea,
First Agricultural Revolution
Eurasia from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible.