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History > Unit 3 History > Flashcards

Unit 3 History Flashcards

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1
Q

Long-lot settlement

A

A linear settlement pattern in which each farmstead is situated at one end of a long, narrow, rectangular lot, each lot has access to a major linear resource, usually a river or a major road

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2
Q

Material Culture

A

The physical, visible objects made and used by members of a cultural group, includes buildings, furniture

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3
Q

Nonmaterial culture

A

Intangible elements of culture including a wide range of beliefs, values, myths, and symbolic meanings passed from generation to generation

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4
Q

Cultural Trait

A

A single aspect of a given culture or society

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5
Q

Local Culture

A

rural, ethnically homogenous culture that is deeply connected to the local land, the opposite of a popular culture

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6
Q

Indigenous culture

A

A local culture that is no longer the dominant ethnic group within its traditional homeland because of migration, colonization, or political marginalization

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7
Q

cultural attitudes

A

concepts and ideas in society shaped by cultural opinions, beliefs, and perspectives, ex. Cultural attitudes about a family structure vary greatly across cultures

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8
Q

Popular culture

A

Heterogeneous culture that is more influenced by key urban areas and quick to adopt new technologies, opposite of local culture

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9
Q

Language

A

A mutually agreed-upon system of symbolic communication

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10
Q

Polyglot

A

A person who is fluent in more than two languages

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11
Q

Religion

A

A structured set of beliefs and practices through which people seek mental and physical harmony with the powers of the universe

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12
Q

Ethnic

A

A people of common ancestry and cultural tradition: characterized by a strong feeling of group identity

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13
Q

Race

A

Historically defined by the physical characteristics of a group, especially skin color

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14
Q

Ethnic geography

A

the study of spatial aspects of ethnicity

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15
Q

Multiculturalism

A

A set of policies that promote the active participation and inclusion of minority groups in national histories, national politics, and cultural institutions with the goal of embracing difference within society

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16
Q

Physical Landscape

A

all the natural physical surroundings that create and shape the places we are living in or examining

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17
Q

Placelessness

A

he feeling resulting from the standardization of the built environment, occurs where local distinctiveness is erased and many places end up with similar cultural landscapes

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18
Q

Modernist architecture

A

A functional, rational, and orderly style for building designs

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19
Q

Postmodern Architecture

A

A design style that is a reaction against modernist architecture, it has a flair for the dramatic, creating a spectacle while serving a variety of functions

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20
Q

Sequent occupance

A

Refers to the fact that many places have been controlled or affected by a variety of groups over a period of time, those groups have reshaped the functions or meanings of those places and left behind layers of meaning

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21
Q

Sacred spaces

A

Natural or human made sites that possess religious meanings and are recognized as worthy of devotion, loyalty, fear, or esteem

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22
Q

Secular

A

less influenced or controlled by religion

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23
Q

Subculture

A

A group of people with distinct norms, values, and material practices that differentiate them from the dominant culture surrounding them

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24
Q

Sense of place

A

the distinctive feeling of a place, or a person’s perception of place

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25
Q

Place-making

A

efforts to use and design public places to better serve the needs of residents a to foster a stronger community

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26
Q

Centripetal Force

A

a force that brings people together and unifies a neighborhood society or country

27
Q

Centrifugal force

A

a force that threatens the cohesion of a neighborhood, society, or country

28
Q

Secularization

A

the process whereby religion became a less dominant force in everyday life than it was in the past

29
Q

Expansion diffusion

A

occurs when ideas or practices spread throughout a population, from area to area

30
Q

Hierarchical Diffusion

A

when ideas leapfrog from an influential person to another, skipping other people or places- ex. Fashion styles, hashtags

31
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

spreads like a contagious disease, exposure is required for something to spread. Ex. an agricultural invention spreading from one town to another.

32
Q

Stimulus

A

when a specific trait isn’t adopted in its original form

33
Q

Absorbing barriers

A

barriers that completely halt diffusion

34
Q

Permeable barriers

A

barriers that slow diffusion, but still allow some partial or weakened diffusion

35
Q

Pidgin

A

a trade language, characterized by a small vocabulary derived from the languages of at least two or more groups in contact

36
Q

Creole

A

A combined language that has a fuller vocabulary than a pidgin language and becomes a native language

37
Q

Creolization

A

The linguistic process where languages converge and create new languages and forms of communication

38
Q

Lingua franca

A

A language of communication and commerce spoken across a wide area where it is not a mother tongue

39
Q

Bilingualism

A

the ability to speak two languages fluently

40
Q

Empire

A

A sovereign political entity that seek to expand beyond their origin land to control more territory politically and/or economically

41
Q

Imperialism

A

The motivating impulse to control greater amounts of territory

42
Q

Colonialism

A

The act of forcefully controlling a foreign territory, which becomes known as a colony

43
Q

Genocide

A

The systematic killing of members of a racial, ethnic, or linguistic group

44
Q

Time-Space Convergence

A

The phenomenon whereby the introduction of new transportation technologies progressively reduces the time it takes to travel between places

45
Q

Endangered Language

A

A language that is not taught to children by their parents and is not used actively in every day matters

46
Q

Extinct Language

A

A language that has only a few elderly speakers still living or no living speakers

47
Q

Convergence hypothesis

A

he idea that cultures are converging, or becoming more alike

48
Q

Glocalization

A

Adapting global practices tl fit local cultural practices and preferences

49
Q

Culture hearth

A

A focused geographic area where important innovations are born and from which they spread

50
Q

Language family

A

A group of related languages that share a common ancestry

51
Q

Dialect

A

A regional variation of a language that is understood by people who speak other variations of that language

52
Q

Accent

A

a way of pronouncing words

53
Q

Monotheistic

A

Relating to the belief in only one God

54
Q

Universalizing religion

A

A religion that actively seeks new members and believes its message has universal importance

55
Q

Ethnic religion

A

A religion identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group that does not seek converts

56
Q

Proselytic

A

Describing a religion that spreads its message to others through missionary work

57
Q

Polytheistic

A

Relating to the belief in many gods

58
Q

Animistic religion

A

A faith that subscribes to the idea that souls or spirits exist only in humans, but also in animals, plants, rocks, natural phenomena such as thunder, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, and other entities of the natural environment

59
Q

Acculturation

A

Occurs when an ethnic or immigrant group adopts enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially

60
Q

Assimilation

A

Occurs when an ethnic or immigrant group blends in with the host culture and loses many culturally distinctive traits.

61
Q

Transculturation

A

the notion that people adopt elements of other cultures as well as contribute elements of their own culture, thereby transforming both cultures

62
Q

Syncretism

A

The blending of beliefs, ideas, practices, and traits, especially in a religious context

63
Q

Syncretic religion

A

Religion that combines elements of two or more different belief systems

64
Q

Orthodox religion

A

Religion that emphasizes purity of faith and is generally not open to blending with elements of other belief systems

History (8 decks)

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