Unit 3 History Flashcards
Long-lot settlement
A linear settlement pattern in which each farmstead is situated at one end of a long, narrow, rectangular lot, each lot has access to a major linear resource, usually a river or a major road
Material Culture
The physical, visible objects made and used by members of a cultural group, includes buildings, furniture
Nonmaterial culture
Intangible elements of culture including a wide range of beliefs, values, myths, and symbolic meanings passed from generation to generation
Cultural Trait
A single aspect of a given culture or society
Local Culture
rural, ethnically homogenous culture that is deeply connected to the local land, the opposite of a popular culture
Indigenous culture
A local culture that is no longer the dominant ethnic group within its traditional homeland because of migration, colonization, or political marginalization
cultural attitudes
concepts and ideas in society shaped by cultural opinions, beliefs, and perspectives, ex. Cultural attitudes about a family structure vary greatly across cultures
Popular culture
Heterogeneous culture that is more influenced by key urban areas and quick to adopt new technologies, opposite of local culture
Language
A mutually agreed-upon system of symbolic communication
Polyglot
A person who is fluent in more than two languages
Religion
A structured set of beliefs and practices through which people seek mental and physical harmony with the powers of the universe
Ethnic
A people of common ancestry and cultural tradition: characterized by a strong feeling of group identity
Race
Historically defined by the physical characteristics of a group, especially skin color
Ethnic geography
the study of spatial aspects of ethnicity
Multiculturalism
A set of policies that promote the active participation and inclusion of minority groups in national histories, national politics, and cultural institutions with the goal of embracing difference within society
Physical Landscape
all the natural physical surroundings that create and shape the places we are living in or examining
Placelessness
he feeling resulting from the standardization of the built environment, occurs where local distinctiveness is erased and many places end up with similar cultural landscapes
Modernist architecture
A functional, rational, and orderly style for building designs
Postmodern Architecture
A design style that is a reaction against modernist architecture, it has a flair for the dramatic, creating a spectacle while serving a variety of functions
Sequent occupance
Refers to the fact that many places have been controlled or affected by a variety of groups over a period of time, those groups have reshaped the functions or meanings of those places and left behind layers of meaning
Sacred spaces
Natural or human made sites that possess religious meanings and are recognized as worthy of devotion, loyalty, fear, or esteem
Secular
less influenced or controlled by religion
Subculture
A group of people with distinct norms, values, and material practices that differentiate them from the dominant culture surrounding them
Sense of place
the distinctive feeling of a place, or a person’s perception of place
Place-making
efforts to use and design public places to better serve the needs of residents a to foster a stronger community
Centripetal Force
a force that brings people together and unifies a neighborhood society or country
Centrifugal force
a force that threatens the cohesion of a neighborhood, society, or country
Secularization
the process whereby religion became a less dominant force in everyday life than it was in the past
Expansion diffusion
occurs when ideas or practices spread throughout a population, from area to area
Hierarchical Diffusion
when ideas leapfrog from an influential person to another, skipping other people or places- ex. Fashion styles, hashtags
Contagious Diffusion
spreads like a contagious disease, exposure is required for something to spread. Ex. an agricultural invention spreading from one town to another.
Stimulus
when a specific trait isn’t adopted in its original form
Absorbing barriers
barriers that completely halt diffusion
Permeable barriers
barriers that slow diffusion, but still allow some partial or weakened diffusion
Pidgin
a trade language, characterized by a small vocabulary derived from the languages of at least two or more groups in contact
Creole
A combined language that has a fuller vocabulary than a pidgin language and becomes a native language
Creolization
The linguistic process where languages converge and create new languages and forms of communication
Lingua franca
A language of communication and commerce spoken across a wide area where it is not a mother tongue
Bilingualism
the ability to speak two languages fluently
Empire
A sovereign political entity that seek to expand beyond their origin land to control more territory politically and/or economically
Imperialism
The motivating impulse to control greater amounts of territory
Colonialism
The act of forcefully controlling a foreign territory, which becomes known as a colony
Genocide
The systematic killing of members of a racial, ethnic, or linguistic group
Time-Space Convergence
The phenomenon whereby the introduction of new transportation technologies progressively reduces the time it takes to travel between places
Endangered Language
A language that is not taught to children by their parents and is not used actively in every day matters
Extinct Language
A language that has only a few elderly speakers still living or no living speakers
Convergence hypothesis
he idea that cultures are converging, or becoming more alike
Glocalization
Adapting global practices tl fit local cultural practices and preferences
Culture hearth
A focused geographic area where important innovations are born and from which they spread
Language family
A group of related languages that share a common ancestry
Dialect
A regional variation of a language that is understood by people who speak other variations of that language
Accent
a way of pronouncing words
Monotheistic
Relating to the belief in only one God
Universalizing religion
A religion that actively seeks new members and believes its message has universal importance
Ethnic religion
A religion identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group that does not seek converts
Proselytic
Describing a religion that spreads its message to others through missionary work
Polytheistic
Relating to the belief in many gods
Animistic religion
A faith that subscribes to the idea that souls or spirits exist only in humans, but also in animals, plants, rocks, natural phenomena such as thunder, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, and other entities of the natural environment
Acculturation
Occurs when an ethnic or immigrant group adopts enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially
Assimilation
Occurs when an ethnic or immigrant group blends in with the host culture and loses many culturally distinctive traits.
Transculturation
the notion that people adopt elements of other cultures as well as contribute elements of their own culture, thereby transforming both cultures
Syncretism
The blending of beliefs, ideas, practices, and traits, especially in a religious context
Syncretic religion
Religion that combines elements of two or more different belief systems
Orthodox religion
Religion that emphasizes purity of faith and is generally not open to blending with elements of other belief systems
