Unit 5 Flashcards
Agriculture
The purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival
Tropical climate region (3 sub divisions)
Hint: Warm rain creates wet and dry forests
Areas with warm temperatures year round and varying precipitation
Subunit 1: Wet tropical
- lots of precipitation
- growth of tropical rain forests
Subunit 2: Tropical monsoon
- heavy summer rains and dry winters
Subunit 3: Tropical wet and try
- less rainy season than the tropical monsoon
Dry climate region (2 subunits)
Areas with dry climate (commonly found in continent interiors)
Subdivision 1: Arid
- very dry
Subdivision 2: semi arid
- minimal precipitation
- grass lands
Temperate climate region (3 subunits)
Hint: Marines in the Mediterranean blame their temper on the humid climate
Areas with moderate temperature and adequate precipitation amounts
Subunit 1: humid temperate
- eastern side of a continent
- cold winters and year long precipitation
Subunit 2: marine west coast
- west coast of a continent
- cold winter and lots of rain
Subunit 3: Mediterranean
- west coasts near desserts and around the Mediterranean Sea
- mild and wet winters
- hot and dry summers
Mediterranean agriculture
Growing hard trees (suck as olive, fruit, nuts etc) and shrubs (grape and vines); and raising sheep and goats
Tundra climate region (1 subunit)
Hint: Harry stays inside his condo almost every day because he hates the snow
Extremely cold with a short mild summers (no farming)
Subunit 1: continental climate
- interior continents of northern hemisphere
- distinct seasons with winter and snows
Ice cap climate region
Climate region that doesn’t go beyond freezing (arctic and Antarctic)
Subsistence agriculture
Where growing food is a matter of survival (growing only enough for family and community)
- hard labor for crops and livestock
Commercial agriculture
Growing crops and livestock for profit to sell to customers
Bid rent theory
Explains how land value determines how farmers use the land
Intensive agriculture
When farmers use a lot of effort to produce as much yield as possible
Intensive subsistence agriculture
Where people put large amounts of human labor to grow high yields on small plots of land to support families and the community
Intensive commercial agriculture
Heavy investments in labor and capital which result on high yields for profit
Monocropping
Cultivation of one or two crops rotated seasonally
Monoculture
Planting one crop or raising one type of animal anually
Crop rotation
The varying of crops from year to year
Plantation agriculture
Large scale commercial farming of one crop grown for markets far from the plantation
Market gardening
Also called the farm to table movement
Benefits: farmers don’t pay for delivery, and food is fresh.
Mixed crop and livestock system (2 types)
The cultivation benefits both the crop and livestock for profit
- On farming: crops and livestock are on the same farm
- between farm: two farmers share resources
Extensive agriculture
When farmers put in few inputs and get lower outputs (typically in semi periphery and periphery countries)
Extensive subsistence agriculture
A type of agriculture where farmers put few inputs into farming and produce low output of crops (usually for a small population)
shifting cultivation
A type of extensive subsistence agriculture that involves growing crops or letting livestock graze in one area, then leaving that area when the land is no longer arable
Slash and burn
A type of extensive subsistence agriculture that involves cutting down vegetation in an area, burning it for fertilizer, using the area, and moving when the soil is no longer arable
Nomadic herding
Moving to different areas in different seasons to allow the “best” grazing or to prevent overgrazing
Transhumance
The movement of a herd from higher elevations (summer) to lower elevations (winter)
Extensive Commercial agriculture
A type of agriculture that involves a low input into an area that results in low outputs for profit
Ranching
A type of extensive commercial farming practice (usually not practiced close to a population. Includes the raising of cattle
Found in semi arid grasslands
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO)
Type of intensive commercial practice where farmers on small amounts of land house many animals
Clustered/ nucleated settlement
A rural settlement pattern where a population lives close together
Pro: unity and the sharing of common resources
Con: social friction and fields that are too far from home
Dispersed settlement
A rural settlement pattern where a population lives far away from each other (usually occurs in areas of rough terrain)
Pro: independent and self sufficient
Con: Lack of social connection, no sharing of resources
Linear settlement
Type of rural settlement pattern where the population settles in a line along a land feature or transportation route
Pro: Access to water and transport
Con: field far away from home
Land surveying
Method used to determine a property’s 3D positional points
Metes and bounds
Type of rural survey method that originated from Great Britain
The boundaries are drawn from clear reference points
Long-lot survey
Type of rural survey method that originated from France and Spain
Where property is divided into long strips to allow equal access to resources
Townships and range system
Rural survey method that involved creating rectangular land lots
Domestication
The deliberate effort to grow plants and raising animals. Making animals and animals adapt to demand and hybridize
Selective breeding
Cultivating plants that make the most seeds. The new plants would also have better yields and nutrition
Agricultural hearth
Where different groups begin to domesticate plants and animals
Fertile Cresent
Time period: 7000 BCE
First Agricultural hearth located in South Asia (Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran)
Colombian Exchange
The exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa
Revolution
Changes that have had far reaching impacts on life, society, and cultures
First Agricultural Revolution
The shift from foraging to farming
Second Agricultural Revolution
Era corresponding with the Industrial Revolution
This industrial revolution led to increased crop yields and a population boom
Third Agricultural Revolution
The shift from animal power to mechanical and electric power
GMO
Genetically Modified Organisms
Tactic farmers use on plants to build resistance against disease and drought and to give crops more nutritional impact
Green Revolution
Where new agricultural practices and crop strains were shown to areas with low yields and a high populations
Organic Farming
Agricultural with natural products and processes
Climate region
Areas that have similar climate patterns
