unit 5

Question 1

*The thinkers who lived before the time of Socrates are tagged as the first official philosophers. They lived during a time when writers explained the natural events through mythology
* They knew no rational answer about the existence of the world, they were the first ones to find these answers in a natural way

Answer 1

PRESOCRATICS

Question 2

The ancient period in the history of Philosophy is known to be

Answer 2

cosmocentric

Question 3

The Presocratics’ questions focused on the

Answer 3

universe or the Cosmos

Question 4

• Thought that the basic element that composes everything is water.

Answer 4

THALES OF MILETUS

Question 5

• An opposing element to water, fire, was thought to be the basic component
• For him, nothing can be made without heat.
  o fire also symbolizes destruction, death, and impermanence. This led Heraclitus to think that everything is in a permanent state of flux, that everything is flowing and changing
  o “You cannot step in the same river twice”

Answer 5

HERACLITUS

Question 6

fire also symbolizes

Answer 6

destruction, death, and impermanence

Question 7

• the first thinkers to conceive of atoms
• Atoms, which are invisible to the naked eye, are the basic components of all
• According to them, everything can be divided and reduced to these basic invisible elements.

Answer 7

LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS

Question 8

He believed in an element that produces those elements

Answer 8

ANAXIMANDER

Question 9

ANAXIMANDER called this the apeiron which means the

Answer 9

“boundless” or “limitless”

Question 10

• an astronomer
• requested a photo of the Earth in 1990 by the Voyager 1 spacecraft at a distance of 3.7 billion miles away.

Answer 10

CARL SAGAN

Question 11

Earth could be seen as a mere

Answer 11

Pale Blue Dot

Question 12

• a philosopher from the Medieval period, called God as the Summum Bonum or “the highest good”.
  o In the study of Ethics, the Summum Bonum is seen as the end goal of life – that people go on with their lives in search of it.

Answer 12

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS

Question 13

called God as the

Answer 13

Summum Bonum or “the
highest good”

Question 14

the Summum Bonum is seen as the

Answer 14

end goal of life

Question 15

• saw that a union with God is the object of life
• main point was on his advocate of many virtues that would purify one’s soul
  in order to be worthy of a union with God

Answer 15

ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO

Question 16

• states that an action is considered right and good if one can get a use or a
  utility out of it

Answer 16

UTILITARIANISM

Question 17

which is a view that examines the consequence of an action

Answer 17

Consequentialism

Question 18

The father of modern Utilitarianism

Answer 18

Jeremy Bentham

Question 19

• ancient Chinese philosopher
  o In his work, the Analects, the wise teacher taught of one of the major ethical guidelines
  that is revered until today: The Golden Rule - “What you do not want to be done to you,
  don’t do unto others.”

Answer 19

CONFUCIUS

Question 20

the major ethical guidelines
that is revered until today

Answer 20

The Golden Rule

Question 21

meaning of golden rule

Answer 21

“What you do not want to be done to you, don’t do unto others.”

Question 22

• the practice of non consumption of meat and/or products that come from animals like milk or eggs.
  o Part of the discussion in environmental ethics is the questioning of the practice of human beings in the consumption of non-human animals

Answer 22

VEGETARIANISM

Question 23

• argues strongly that it seems non-human animals are facing discrimination equitable to
  sexism or racism among human beings

o in a 2008 documentary called Examined Life, he questioned the morality of a highly
capitalistic society.

Answer 23

PETER SINGER

Question 24

• This approach rests on the intrinsic value of an action instead of the consequences: like, caring for the environment is right not because it would result to a better life for us, but because caring for the environment is the right thing to do by itself.

o Doing what is right does not stop when there are no benefits anymore, it doesn’t stop because it’s not stopping from being right by itself

Answer 24

DEONTOLOGICAL APPROACH