unit 4

Question 1

• 17th French philosopher
• Father of Modern Philosophy in the West
• Process of skepticism or doubt

Answer 1

RENÉ DESCARTES

Question 2

Philosophically known as

Answer 2

CARTESIAN DOUBT

Question 3

• holds that the transaction between the perceiver and the world should be analyzed
  primarily in terms of the causal relation underlying that transaction.

Answer 3

CAUSAL THEORY

Question 4

emphasizes the idea that our existence is validated through our actions and experiences
rather than solely through our thoughts.

Answer 4

COGITO, ERGO SUM

Question 5

He could be deceived by his senses and by an evil genius, but he could not doubt the fact that he was doubting.

Answer 5

Eureka moment

Question 6

• A scenario in which all the parts of a ship are replaced gradually and one at a time, poses this question: Is the vessel that exists after the replacements the same ship as the vessel that existed before the replacements?
  o The ship of Theseus is the ‘same’ ship, because the formal cause, or design, does not change, even though the matter used to construct it may vary with time

Answer 6

SHIP OF THESEUS

Question 7

• In ancient Greece, some philosophers believed that our idea of the self is formed by essential and accidental properties

Answer 7

SELF

Question 8

External/Material features (e.g., hair, beard, nails, etc.) - There is an essential quality that is necessary for us to be called human or a person. Cutting your nails, growing your beards, changing these qualities doesn’t really change the fact that you are you.

Answer 8

Accidence

Question 9

• Scottish Philosopher
• He argued that there is no such thing as the self
  o this idea of the “self” is just a bundled-up group of impressions, composed of many different things—your body, mind, intelligence, personality, emotions, memories, DNA, mannerisms, and so on.
  o We are, he argues, ever-changing bundles of impressions. Some of the things in our bundle change from time to time.

Answer 9

DAVID HUME

Question 10

• Ancient Philosopher
• all beings have a certain essence that make them what they are.
• There exists in each being a set of core properties which are necessary for an object to be what it is.

Answer 10

ARISTOTLE

Question 11

• There are certain qualities that make things what they are
• Man, first and foremost existed and was then tasked with determining his own essence
  o Existence before Essence

Answer 11

EXISTENTIALISM

Question 12

• I am the one who gives it meaning
• I am an actor and not just a spectator

Answer 12

SUBJECT

Question 13

• Danish philosopher
  o to exist is to realize oneself through free choice and self-commitment

Answer 13

SØREN KIERKEGAARD

Question 14

THREE STAGES IN THIS RETURN TO GOD

Answer 14

Aesthetic
Ethical
Faith

Question 15

man is governed by impulses and emotion.

Answer 15

Aesthetic

Question 16

man chooses to accept moral standards as a way to guide his everyday dealings.

Answer 16

Ethical

Question 17

it is only natural that he feels tied down and lacks self-sufficiency. It is at this point
that he is tempted to sin, and this is when man should have faith in God.

Answer 17

Faith

Question 18

• He argued that being can be known via their Primary Qualities and Secondary Qualities

Answer 18

ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER JOHN LOCKE

Question 19

their meaning does not come from a Subject or a perceive

Answer 19

Primary Qualities are the qualities which Objects have in themselves.

Question 20

things such as taste, smell, texture, and color are assigned by the different Subjects such that it isn’t surprising when people have different opinions and answers.

Answer 20

Secondary Qualities are the qualities which Subjects perceive in the Object.

Question 21

• early twentieth century French philosopher
  o gave an important insight into what it means to live a meaningful human existence

Answer 21

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

Question 22

Merleau-Ponty realized that there is a difference between

Answer 22

Abstract Knowledge and Embodied Knowledge.

Question 23

is man’s ability to react to a command, whether willed by himself or an outside source.

Answer 23

ABSTRACT KNOWLEDGE

Question 24

is knowledge or action which is integrated in lived experience.

Answer 24

EMBODIED KNOWLEDGE

Question 25

• a twentieth century French philosopher
  o He chose to reflect on the meaning of being and what it means for the self to exist in the world. In particular, he focused on the body and on our experience of it.

Answer 25

GABRIEL MARCEL

Question 26

two stages of reflection

Answer 26

PRIMARY REFLECTION
SECONDARY REFLECTION

Question 27

Marcel considers the body as if it were a thing studied by the sciences. In this kind of reflection, the individual places himself outside of what he is observing. To do this, I observe that “my body” is just “a body”—it is the body studied by anatomy and biology and medicine. It moves and operates in a certain way

Answer 27

PRIMARY REFLECTION

Question 28

the individual is challenged to place himself within the very framework of what he is observing, such that he experiences and understands it in a way only he can. In this way, I observe that this “my body” is strictly mine alone.

Answer 28

SECONDARY REFLECTION