Unit 5 Flashcards
Automatic encoding
requires no effort (what did you eat for breakfast?)
Effortful encoding
requires attention (school work)
Imagery
attaching images to info makes it easier to remember
Self-referent encoding
we’re more likely to remember things that we are interested in
Dual encoding
combining different types of encoding aids in memory
Chunking
break info into smaller units to aid in memory (like a phone #)
Mnemonics
shortcuts to help us remember info easier (like using PEMDAS)
Context dependent memory
describes the phenomenon in which recall is stronger when a subject is present in the same environment in which the original memory was formed
State dependent memory
the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.
Sensory memory
stores all incoming stimuli that you receive
Iconic Memory
visual memory, lasts 0.3 seconds
Echoic memory
auditory memory, lasts 2-3 seconds
Short term memory
info pass from sensory to short term memory, lasts 30 seconds
Priming
info that is seen earlier “primes” you to remember something later on
Procedural
skills (muscle memory)
Schemas
preexisting mental concept of how something should look like
Proactive interference
OLD info blocks new info
Retroactive interference
NEW info blocks old info
Misinformation effect
distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation
Framing
the way a question is framed impacts how info is perceived
ANTEROgrade amnesia
amnesia moves forward (forgetting new info)
RETROgrade amnesia
amnesia moves backwards (forgetting old info)
Alzheimer’s disease
caused by destruction of acetylcholine in hippocampus
Phonemes
smallest unit of sound (ch sound in chat)
Morpheme
smallest unit that carries meaning (-ed means past tense)
Grammar
rules in a language that enable us to communicate
Semantics
set of rules by which we derive meaning (adding -ed makes something past tense)
Syntax
rules for combining words into sentences
Surface structures
Actual written message (it is hard to please my boss)
Deep structures
intended meaning (please boss is hard)
Nativistic theory (Noam Chomsky)
language is innate
Critical period
period of time where something must be learned or else is can never happen
Linguistic determinism
language influences the way we think
Galton
1st to suggest intelligence was inherited
Cattell
Two clusters of mental abilities
Crystallized intelligence - reasoning and verbal skills - what you learn in school - hard (like crystals!) facts, increase w/ age
Fluid intelligence - spatial abilities, processing speed, abstract thinking - can’t learn in school, decrease w/ age
Spearman’s G Factor
said general intelligence (g) underlies all mental abilities
Gardner
multiple intelligences (8):
linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, intrapersonal (self), interpersonal (social), naturalist
Sternberg
analytical - book smart
practical - street smart
creative - intellectual and motivational processes that lead to novel solutions, idea, products
Binet
developed 1st intelligence test (stanford-binet iq test)
