unit 4b Flashcards
Language Disorders
Dorsal stream in language
dorsal regions in brain involved in speech production
Ventral stream in lang production
ventral regions of brain involved in speech production
Hickok-Poeppel language model
model of brain areas involved in language comprehensions + speech production;
Describes dorsal pathway for production + ventral pathway for comprehension
aphasia
f/ Greek for “lack of speech”
- not result of deficits in sensory, intellectual, psychiatric functioning, muscle weakness,
- deficit arises f/ damage to lang.-specific cortical regions;
- several types exist
Brocas aphasia
aphasia characterized by slow, effortful speech output lacking func. words, problems w/ grammar & articulation
- patients rely on high-frequency content words
- patients have deficit in repetition, naming, & fluency, but can COMPREHEND NORMALLY
Wernicke’s aphasia
characterized by fluent, MEANINGLESS SPEECH (word salad) w/ many semantic errors + little understanding (often w/ anosognosia)
Patients have deficits in repetition, naming, comprehension, & paraphasic fluency
- severe cases: patients appear to have no concept of what language is for
‘word salad’
apparently fluent speech, but meaningless
- seen in wernicke’s area
Paraphasia
notable feature of aphasia in which one loses ability of speaking correctly, substitutes 1 word for another, & changes words + sentences in an inappropriate way.
Patient’s speech is fluent but error-prone
(ex: treen instead of ‘train’)
Anosognosia
a deficit of self-awareness; a condition in which a person who suffers a certain disability seems unaware of the existence of disability
Arcuate fasciculus
neural white matter pathway CONNECTING Broca’s area & wernicke’s area
conduction aphasia
aphasia due to damage to arcuate fasciculus resulting in poor repetition & naming, but NORMAL COMPREHENSION + FLUENCY
Transcortical sensory aphasia
aphasia that is similar to wernicke’s aphasia
EXCEPT patients able to REPEAT LANG. they have just heard BUT NOT COMPREHEND it
Transcortical motor aphasia
aphasia associated w/ right hemiparesis ( paralysis or inability to move)
similar to Broca’s aphasia- except patients ABLE TO REPEAT
Global aphasia
aphasia associated w/ RIGHT HEMIPARESIS
- characterized by severe communication difficulties in BOTH speech + comprehension
Patients may have no concept of language as communication
Transcortical mixed aphasia
similar to global aphasia BUT patients are still ABLE TO REPEAT
Anomic aphasia
aphasia in which word-finding is severely impaired, usually f/ damage to parietal and/or temporal lobes
Patients resort to circumlocution
- Averbia
-Color anomia
Averbia
specific aphasia in which patient loses ability to use verbs
color anomia
specific aphasia in which patient lose ability to use COLOR WORDS
Circumlocution
use of words to describe a specific word or idea which can’t be remembered
- “talking around” something
Pure word deafness
amusia
Speech entrainment therapy
Patients practice mimicking audio-visual speech stimuli
- can enable them to produce fluent speech in real time
Subsystems of speech
- RESPIRATION: process breathing
- PHONATION: process by which vocal folds produce certain sounds thru quasi-periodic vibration
-RESONANCE: prolongation of sound during speech
-ARTICULATION: mvmt of tongue, lips, jaw, & other speech organs to make speech sounds
Dysarthria
Motor disorder affect any or all of the 4 subsystems of speech
- spastic
- flaccid
Spastic dysarthria
motor disorder caused by DAMAGE TO UPPER MOTOR NEURONS
Causes: Cerebral palsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis
Symptoms: Harsh, strained voice; vocal pitch breaks; reduced speed of articulation
Flaccid dysarthria
motor disorder cause by DAMAGE to LOWER MOTOR NEURONS
Causes:
-Brainstem stroke,
-cranial nerve palsy,
-MYASTHENIA GRAVIS (chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that is characterized by fluctuating weakness of voluntary muscle groups
Symptoms:
- reduced lip closure & strength of articulatory ; Hyper-nasality, breathy voice
Speech apraxia
developmental or acquired problem w/ speech production NOT associated w/ MUSCLE WEAKNESS
symptoms: difficulty putting sounds + syllables together in correct order to form words
Condition may be develop. as in verbal apraxia of childhood pr acquired (f/ disease, trauma)
Stuttering- a SPEECH DISORDER
flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetition & prolongations of sounds, syllables , word, or phrases & involuntary silent pauses
May be cause by genetic mutations or head trauma
Therapy include relaxation techniques, singing, choral reading
Cluttering- a FLUENCY DISORDER
patient has PROBLEM W/
- rate, word confusion, & disorganized thoughts
Language is most clear @ start of utterances, but rate increases & intelligibility decreases ↓ toward end
Patients often not aware of disorder- but can improve w/ therapy that focuses on attending to speech details. Cause unknown,
→ Spoonerisms: phonemic substitution
→ Malapropisms: wrong word substitution
→ Freudian slips: error in speech f/ ‘unconscious mind’
