unit 4b

Question 1

Dorsal stream in language

Answer 1

dorsal regions in brain involved in speech production

Question 2

Ventral stream in lang production

Answer 2

ventral regions of brain involved in speech production

Question 3

Hickok-Poeppel language model

Answer 3

model of brain areas involved in language comprehensions + speech production;

Describes dorsal pathway for production + ventral pathway for comprehension

Question 4

aphasia

Answer 4

f/ Greek for “lack of speech”

• not result of deficits in sensory, intellectual, psychiatric functioning, muscle weakness,
• deficit arises f/ damage to lang.-specific cortical regions;
• several types exist

Question 5

Brocas aphasia

Answer 5

aphasia characterized by slow, effortful speech output lacking func. words, problems w/ grammar & articulation

• patients rely on high-frequency content words
• patients have deficit in repetition, naming, & fluency, but can COMPREHEND NORMALLY

Question 6

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 6

characterized by fluent, MEANINGLESS SPEECH (word salad) w/ many semantic errors + little understanding (often w/ anosognosia)

Patients have deficits in repetition, naming, comprehension, & paraphasic fluency
- severe cases: patients appear to have no concept of what language is for

Question 7

‘word salad’

Answer 7

apparently fluent speech, but meaningless
- seen in wernicke’s area

Question 8

Paraphasia

Answer 8

notable feature of aphasia in which one loses ability of speaking correctly, substitutes 1 word for another, & changes words + sentences in an inappropriate way.

Patient’s speech is fluent but error-prone
(ex: treen instead of ‘train’)

Question 9

Anosognosia

Answer 9

a deficit of self-awareness; a condition in which a person who suffers a certain disability seems unaware of the existence of disability

Question 10

Arcuate fasciculus

Answer 10

neural white matter pathway CONNECTING Broca’s area & wernicke’s area

Question 11

conduction aphasia

Answer 11

aphasia due to damage to arcuate fasciculus resulting in poor repetition & naming, but NORMAL COMPREHENSION + FLUENCY

Question 12

Transcortical sensory aphasia

Answer 12

aphasia that is similar to wernicke’s aphasia

EXCEPT patients able to REPEAT LANG. they have just heard BUT NOT COMPREHEND it

Question 13

Transcortical motor aphasia

Answer 13

aphasia associated w/ right hemiparesis ( paralysis or inability to move)

similar to Broca’s aphasia- except patients ABLE TO REPEAT

Question 14

Global aphasia

Answer 14

aphasia associated w/ RIGHT HEMIPARESIS
- characterized by severe communication difficulties in BOTH speech + comprehension

Patients may have no concept of language as communication

Question 15

Transcortical mixed aphasia

Answer 15

similar to global aphasia BUT patients are still ABLE TO REPEAT

Question 16

Anomic aphasia

Answer 16

aphasia in which word-finding is severely impaired, usually f/ damage to parietal and/or temporal lobes

Patients resort to circumlocution
- Averbia
-Color anomia

Question 17

Averbia

Answer 17

specific aphasia in which patient loses ability to use verbs

Question 18

color anomia

Answer 18

specific aphasia in which patient lose ability to use COLOR WORDS

Question 19

Circumlocution

Answer 19

use of words to describe a specific word or idea which can’t be remembered
- “talking around” something

Question 20

Pure word deafness

Question 21

amusia

Question 22

Speech entrainment therapy

Answer 22

Patients practice mimicking audio-visual speech stimuli
- can enable them to produce fluent speech in real time

Question 23

Subsystems of speech

Answer 23

• RESPIRATION: process breathing
• PHONATION: process by which vocal folds produce certain sounds thru quasi-periodic vibration
  -RESONANCE: prolongation of sound during speech
  -ARTICULATION: mvmt of tongue, lips, jaw, & other speech organs to make speech sounds

Question 24

Dysarthria

Answer 24

Motor disorder affect any or all of the 4 subsystems of speech
- spastic
- flaccid

Question 25

Spastic dysarthria

Answer 25

motor disorder caused by DAMAGE TO UPPER MOTOR NEURONS

Causes: Cerebral palsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis

Symptoms: Harsh, strained voice; vocal pitch breaks; reduced speed of articulation

Question 26

Flaccid dysarthria

Answer 26

motor disorder cause by DAMAGE to LOWER MOTOR NEURONS

Causes:
-Brainstem stroke,
-cranial nerve palsy,
-MYASTHENIA GRAVIS (chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that is characterized by fluctuating weakness of voluntary muscle groups

Symptoms:
- reduced lip closure & strength of articulatory ; Hyper-nasality, breathy voice

Question 27

Speech apraxia

Answer 27

developmental or acquired problem w/ speech production NOT associated w/ MUSCLE WEAKNESS

symptoms: difficulty putting sounds + syllables together in correct order to form words

Condition may be develop. as in verbal apraxia of childhood pr acquired (f/ disease, trauma)

Question 28

Stuttering- a SPEECH DISORDER

Answer 28

flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetition & prolongations of sounds, syllables , word, or phrases & involuntary silent pauses

May be cause by genetic mutations or head trauma

Therapy include relaxation techniques, singing, choral reading

Question 29

Cluttering- a FLUENCY DISORDER

Answer 29

patient has PROBLEM W/
- rate, word confusion, & disorganized thoughts

Language is most clear @ start of utterances, but rate increases & intelligibility decreases ↓ toward end

Patients often not aware of disorder- but can improve w/ therapy that focuses on attending to speech details. Cause unknown,
→ Spoonerisms: phonemic substitution
→ Malapropisms: wrong word substitution
→ Freudian slips: error in speech f/ ‘unconscious mind’