Unit 43 Hematological Disorders in Children

Question 1

What is the definition of iron-deficiency anemia?

Answer 1

Lower than average red blood cell number or a decrease in the protein hemoglobin for his/her age and gender.

Question 2

What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia in toddlers? and what gender is most at risk?

Answer 2

• Lac of iron in their diet
• Possibly be drinking too much milk

*females adolescents at higher risk for iron deficiency anemia

Question 3

What are the common symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

Answer 3

• Pale skin, lips, or hands (Pallor)
• fatigue or sleepiness
• lack of appetite
• tachycardia
• pica

Question 4

What are the common diagnostics test for anemia and their norms for kids?

Answer 4

CBC
Serum ferritin

11-16% Hgb good for kids
35-45% Hct good for kids

Question 5

What is the treatment for iron deficiency anemia? What stool results from iron supplementation?

Answer 5

• Iron replacement/supplementation
• Iron rich foods (hamburger, red meats, legumes, beans, green leafy veggies)

**Black or green stools result from iron supplementation

Question 6

What helps the absorption of iron?

Answer 6

Vitamin C, citrus fruits

Question 7

How should you drink iron liquids?

Answer 7

Through a straw because it stains teeth

Question 8

How should iron constipation be treated?

Answer 8

Increase fluids, fiber intake, and fruits and vegetables

Question 9

Describe the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia, how is it diagnosed, and when does pain from it usually begin?

Answer 9

• Diagnosed through blood test
• Pain begins usually around 6 months of age

pathophysiology: changes in structures of hemoglobin molecule which causes sickle shape. This causes them to stick in the capillaries and it painful!

Question 10

What are common symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

Answer 10

Severe pain in joints, muscles

Question 11

What is sickle cell crisis (vaso-occlusive crisis and sequestration crisis)?

Answer 11

Painful blood occlusion, clumping of sickle cells in a blood vessel which could occur in the heart, lungs, brain, etc.

Question 12

What are precipitating factors of vaso-occlusive crisis?

Answer 12

Dehydration**
Illness
Altitude change
Extreme temp changes
Stress

Question 13

What is the treatment for sickle cell anemia and crisis? What is crucial for these kids?

Answer 13

• Treat pain with opioids
• Hydration and oxygenation
• Antibiotics
• Exchange transfusions

Vaccination is crucial and education for parent and child to minimize exposure is #1

Question 14

Describe the pathophysiology of hemophilia.

Answer 14

Individuals are missing clotting factors, most commonly factor 8 (hemophilia A)

Question 15

What are manifestation of hemophilia and how is it diagnosed? Which sex is most likely to have?

Answer 15

• Bleeding
• Bruising

Usually Dx’ed through blood test

More likely in boys

Question 16

What is the treatment for hemophilia, routine and emergent?

Answer 16

Replace IV therapy of factor 8 routinely and extra doses for emergency

-COLD ice packs for hemophilia not warm.

Question 17

What does microcytic and hypochromic mean? What do they apply to?

Answer 17

microcytic = micro small

hypochromic = thin and light in color

They apply to iron deficiency anemia specifically the red blood cells.

Question 18

What is hydroxiurea?

Answer 18

• helps promote fetal hgb since it does not sickle.

- used to treat sickle cell anemia