Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AS OCR Biology > Unit 4.3- Classification and evolution > Flashcards

Unit 4.3- Classification and evolution Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Binomial system definition:

A

A system that uses the genus name and species name to avoid confusion when naming organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the order of the modern classification hierarchy

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three domains of the classification hierarchy?

A
  • Archaea
  • Eubacteria
  • Eukaryote
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the five kingdoms of the classification hierarchy?

A
  • Plantae
  • Animalaia
  • Fungi
  • Protacista
  • Prokaryote
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does does phylum category divide organisms?

A

Splits them into organisms that have the same body plan e.g. possession of a backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the class category divide organisms?

A

Splits organisms into groups that all posses the same general traits e.g. same number of legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does the order category divide organisms?

A

A sub division of class using additional information e.g. carnivores and herbivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the family category divide organisms?

A

Closely related genera e.g. dog family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the genus category divide organisms?

A

A group of closely related species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How did Aristotle classify living things?

A

Into plants and animals. He furthered classified animals into those who:

  • Live and move in water
  • Live and move on land
  • Move through the air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How did electron microscopes help with classification?

A

They revealed further details inside cells. Made it clear that many single celled organisms share some features of both plants and animals so do not fit into either kingdom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the features of prokaryotae?

A
  • No nucleus
  • Loop of DNA not arranged in linear chromosomes
  • Naked DNA
  • No membrane bound organelles (prokaryotic)
  • Smaller ribosomes than other groups have
  • Smaller cells than eukaryotes have
  • May be free living or parasitic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the features of protacista?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Mostly single cells, but many algae are multi cellular
  • Show a variety of form (only similarity is that they don’t fit into the other groups)
  • Mostly free-living
  • Have autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the features of fungi?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Can exist as single cells, or they have a mycelium which consists of hyphae
  • Have walls made of chitin
  • Have a cytoplasm that is multinucleate (more than one nucleus per cell)
  • Mostly free living and saprophytic (cause decay of organic matter)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the features of plantae?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • Have cells surrounded by a cellulose cells wall
  • Autotrophic (absorb simple molecules and build them into larger organic molecules)
  • Contain chlorophyll
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the features of anamalia?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • Heterotrophic (digest large organic molecules into smaller molecules for absoption
  • Usually able to move around
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What evidence can be used in classification?

A
  • Cytochrome C

- DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is cytochrome C and how is it used for classification?

A

A protein used in respiration. All living organisms that respire have cytochrome C, but it is not identical in all species. The amino acids that make up cytochrome C can be identified and the more similar the two sequences from two different species are, the more closely related the species are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is DNA used for classification?

A

Mutations are changes to the sequence of bases. The more similar a part of the DNA the more closely related two species are. If they are quite different, it suggests the species evolved separately a long time ago so are less closely related.

20
Q

What did Carl Woese base his ideas for the three-domain classification system on?

A

the ribosomal RNA gene

21
Q

What is the three domain classification system like?

A
  • Prokaryotes are split into two groups: bacteria (eubacteria) and archaea (archaebacteria)
  • Eukaryotes
22
Q

Why in the three domain classification system are prokaryotes split into two groups?

A

Bacteria are fundamentally different from Archaea and eukaryotes

23
Q

What are the differences between bacteria and archaea and eukaryotes?

A

Bacteria have:

  • A different cell membrane structure
  • Flagella with a different internal structure
  • Different enzymes
  • No proteins bound to their genetic material
  • Different mechanisms for DNA replication and for synthesising RNA
24
Q

What features do archaea share with eukaryotes?

A
  • Similar enzymes for synthesising RNA
  • Similar mechanisms for DNA replication and synthesising RNA
  • Production of some proteins that bind to their DNA
25
Q

Phylogeny definition:

A

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms

26
Q

What is artificial classification?

A

Classification for convenience

  • Based on only a few characteristics
  • Does not reflect any evolutionary relationships
  • Provides limited information
  • Is stable
27
Q

What is natural classification?

A
  • Uses many characteristics
  • Reflects evolutionary relationships
  • Provides a lot of useful information
  • May change with advancing knowledge
28
Q

Natural selection definition:

A

The term used to explain how features of the environment apply a selective force on the reproduction of individuals in a population

29
Q

What are the observations Darwin made?

A
  • Offspring generally appear similar to their parents
  • No two individuals are identical
  • Organisms have the ability to produce a large number of offspring
  • Populations in nature tend to remain fairly stable in size
30
Q

What are the conclusions Darwin made from his observations?

A
  • There is a struggle to survive
  • Better-adapted individuals survive and pass on their characteristics
  • Over time, a number of changes may give rise to a new species
31
Q

What evidence is there for evolution?

A
  • Fossil evidence

- Biological molecules

32
Q

Why is mitochondrial DNA useful for tracking human ancestry?

A
  • It does not get confused with the paternal DNA

- There is lots of variation in mDNA from different parts of the world, which allows the movement of people to be traced

33
Q

Continuous variation definition:

A

Variation where there are two extremes and a full range of values in between

34
Q

Discontinuous variation definition:

A

Where there are distinct categories and noting in between

35
Q

Environmental variation definition:

A

Variation caused by response to environmental factors such as light intensity

36
Q

Genetic variation definition:

A

Variation caused by possessing a different combination of alleles

37
Q

Interspecific variation definition:

A

The differences between species

38
Q

Intraspecific variation definition:

A

Variation between different members of the same species

39
Q

Adaptation definition:

A

A characteristic that enhances survival in the habitat

40
Q

Anatomical adaptations definition:

A

Structural features enhancing survival chances

41
Q

Behavioural adaptations definition:

A

The way that behaviour is modified for survival

42
Q

Physiological adaptations definition:

A

Affect the way processes work e.g. a black bear’s heart beat dropping while hibernating

43
Q

What is a well adapted organism able to do?

A
  • Find enough food or photosynthesise well
  • Find enough water
  • Gather enough nutrients
  • Defend itself from predators and diseases
  • Survive the conditions of its environment
  • Respond to changes in its environment
  • Have sufficient energy to allow successful reproduction
44
Q

What are the anatomical adaptations of marram grass?

A
  • Long roots that spread over a wide area and deep underground
  • Leaves are curled, building up moisture inside and reducing evaporation
  • Lower epidermis covered in hairs, reducing air movement
  • Few stomata
  • Waxy cuticle
45
Q

What are the behavioural adaptation of marram grass?

A
  • Responds to a shortage of water by rolling the leaf more tightly and closing the stomata
  • When covered by grass, marram grass will grow more quickly to reach the sunlight
46
Q

What are the physiological adaptations of marram grass?

A
  • The ability to roll its leaf is due to the action of specialised hinge cells in the lower epidermis
  • The guard cells open and close the stomata
  • Maintains a low water potential lower than other plants, which enables it to live in salty conditions by the sea
  • Leaves contain many lignified cells that provide support when turgidity is lost, keeping the leaf upright when water is not available

AS OCR Biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions