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MSII Microbiology > Unit 4 - Viral Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Viral Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the most frequent, occasional, and infrequent respiratory syndromes of rhinovirus?

A

MF: common cold
O: excerbation of chronic bronchitis and asthma
I: pneumonia in children

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2
Q

what are the most frequent, occasional, and infrequent respiratory syndromes of coronavirus?

A

MF: common cold
O: exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and asthma
I: pneumonia and bronchiolitis

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3
Q

what are the most frequent, occasional, and infrequent respiratory syndromes of human respiratory syncytial virus?

A

MF: pneumoia and bronchiolitis in young children
O: common cold in adults
I: pneumonia in elderly and immunosuppressed patients

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4
Q

what are the most frequent, occasional, and infrequent respiratory syndromes of parainfluenxa viruses?

A

MF: croup and lower RT disease in young children
O: pharyngitis and common cold
I: tracheobronchitis in adults, lower RT disease if immunosuppressed

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5
Q

what are the most frequent, occasional, and infrequent respiratory syndromes of adenovirus?

A

MF: common cold and pharyngitis in children
O: outbreaks of acute respiratory disease in military recruits
I: pneumoia in children, lower RTand disseminated disease in immunosuppressed patients

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6
Q

what are the most frequent, occasional, and infrequent respiratory syndromes of influenza A?

A

MF: influenza
O: pneumonia and excess mortality in high-risk patients
I: pneumonia in healthy individuals

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7
Q

what are the most frequent, occasional, and infrequent respiratory syndromes of influenza B?

A

MF: influenza
O: rhinitis or pharyngitis alone
I: pneumonia

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8
Q

what are features of viral respiratory infections?

A
  • virions reach RT by fomites or aerosol transmission
  • epithelial cells are first site of virus host interaction
  • infected epithelial cells release cytokines that cause typical viral symptoms (fever, aches)
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9
Q

explain the temperature differential in viruses?

A

different temps in upper and lower RT have pathogenic consequences

  • rhinovirus replicate preferentially in URT
  • differential basis for attenuated viral vaccines like FluMist
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10
Q

explain the age effect of viruses

A

infants and elderly have more severe respiratory i infections

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11
Q

what are patterns of virus replication in RT for acute infection?

A

confined to respiratory mucosal surface

  • picornavirus (rhinovirus)
  • coronavirus
  • paramyxovirus (parainfluenza and RSV)
  • orthomyxovirus (influenza)
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12
Q

what are patterns of virus replication in RT for persistent infection?

A

on respiratory mucosal surface

  • EBV
  • adenovirus
  • papillomavirus
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13
Q

what are patterns of virus replication in RT for systemic infection?

A

dissemination after primary replication in RT

  • paramyxovirus (mumps, measles)
  • herpesvirus (EBV, VZV, HHV6, CMV)
  • rubella
  • picornavirus (polio)
  • other viruses: bunya, arena, parvo, pox, reo
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14
Q

what are details about coronavirus?

A

named for “crown” of spikes

  • (-)ssRNA virus
  • most strains cause cold-like symptoms
  • rare new strains cause lethal respiratory diseases
  • -SARS, MERS (animal-human barrier)
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15
Q

naming between orthomyxovirus and paramyxovirus

A

myxovirus = mucus; bind to mucin protein on RBCs

  • ortho: straight, proper, right (influenza is the “right” one)
  • para: beside, resembling (measles is like orthomyxovirus, but not the same)
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16
Q

orthomyxoviridae

  • representatives
  • replication
  • genome
  • structure
A
  • 1 genus (influenza) and 3 types (influenza A, B, C)
  • nuclear replication
  • segmented -ssRNA (easier rearrangement –> more serotypes)
  • enveloped
17
Q

paramyxoviridae

  • representatives
  • replication
  • genome
  • structure
A
  • 3 genera
  • -paramyxovirus: mumps, parainfluenza virus 1-4, newcastle disease virus
  • -morbillivirus: measles, rinderpest, canine distemper
  • cytoplasmic replication
  • non-segmented -ssRNA (harder rearrangement –>less serotypes)
18
Q

what causes the “influenza syndrome” of respiratory viral diseases?

A

viral replication in RT causes a T cell response and interferon induction
-this along with the desquamation of (dying) mucus-secreting and ciliated cells causes the symptoms

19
Q

what is treatment for flu?

A

antiviral drugs Tamiflu (oseltamivir) and Relenza (zanamivir) for influenza A and B

20
Q

what is prevention for flu?

A
  • Fluzone (trivalent infactivated vaccine)

- Flumist (live attenuated vaccine)

21
Q

explain what croup is

  • what causes it
  • when it starts, and in who
  • treatments and complications
A

laryngotracheobronchitis caused by parainfluenza virus and RSV

  • peak incidence in winter
  • starts like a cold in adults and infants (latter may develop distinctive barking cough)
  • commonly treated at home with steam and humidifiers
  • complications include pneumonia and respiratory distress
22
Q

explain the morphology of adenovirus, and who it affects

A

icosahedral, naked DNA virus with 100 serotypes,47 of which infect humans

  • widespread in nature, infecting birds, mammals, humans
  • most people infected by at least 1 type by age 15
  • adenovirus infections are very common, most are asymptomatic
  • most infections involve RT, GIT, or eye
23
Q

explain the diseases that come from adenovirus

A
  1. respiratory diseases
    - febrile UT infection
    - pharyngoconjunctival fever
    - acute disease
    - pertussis-like disease
    - pneumonia
  2. acute hemorrhagic cystitis
  3. epidermic keratoconjunctivitis
  4. gastroenteritis
24
Q

what are disease mechanisms for adenovirus?

A
  • transmitted by aerosol, close contact, fecal-oral route, fingers, and ophthalmologic instruments (eye infections)
  • virus infects mucoepithelial cells of RT and GIT, conjunctiva, cornea
  • virus persists in lymphoid tissue (tonsils, adenoids, Peyer’s patches)
  • Ab is essential for recovery from infection
25
Q

what is the transmission of adenovirus?

A
  • respiratory droplets, fecal matter, fomites
  • close contact
  • poorly sanitized swimming pools
26
Q

what is the distribution of adenovirus?

A

ubiquitous, w/o seasonal incidence

27
Q

what are the at risk or risk factors for adenovirus?

A
  • children < 14 years

- day care centers, military camps, swimming clubs

28
Q

what are the vaccines or antiviral drugs for adenovirus?

A

live, attenuated vaccine used only for military (serotypes 4 and 7)

MSII Microbiology (23 decks)

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