Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MSII Microbiology > Unit 2 - Viral Infections of the Skin > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Viral Infections of the Skin Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are causes of non-infectious rashes?

A
  • allergies
  • cancer
  • injury
  • autoimmune
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are causes of infectious rashes? what must you then ask?

A
  • bacterial
  • fungal
  • protozoan
  • viral

must ask if this is treatable, and if not what the prognosis is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ranked from most to least common, what are viral causes of rashes?

A
  1. Herpesvirus
  2. Coxsackie virus
  3. Human papilloma virus
  4. Poxvirus
  5. Measles
  6. Rubella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ranked from most to least common, what are herpes viral causes of rashes?

A
  1. herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2
  2. varicella zoster virus
  3. Epstein-Barr virus
  4. Cytomegalovirus
  5. Roseola virus
  6. Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ranked from most to least common, what are poxviral causes of rashes?

A
  1. Molluscum contagiosum virus
  2. Monkeypox virus
  3. Variola virus
  4. Vaccinia virus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are exogenous sources of viral skin infections?

A

from outside

  • infection at site of a lesion
  • breaks in skin integrity (cuts, insect bites, pimples, etc.)
  • mucous membranes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are endogenous sources of viral skin infections?

A

from within (disseminated infection)

  • viremia: spread through blood, lymph, or nervous system
  • reactivation from latency (herpesvirus reactivate from neurons or lymphocytes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how are rashes categorized?

A

by color, contents, and shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the definition of dermatitis?

A

inflammation of the skin, non-infectious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the definition of exanthem?

A

an eruptive disease, infectious rash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the definition of macular/macule?

A

flat, discolored patch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the definition of vesicular/vesicle?

A

raised, fluid-filled blister

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the definition of papular/papule?

A

raised, discolored rash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the definition of erythema(tous)?

A

redness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the definition of petechial/petechiae?

A

tiny dark spots due to localized hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the definition of pruritis/pruritic?

A

itchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the definition of pustular/pustule?

A

vesicle filled with pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the definition of umbilicated?

A

pustule with dimple (umbilicus) in center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

herpesvirus

  • structure
  • primary infection
  • latency
  • recurrence
A

large, enveloped DNA virus (8 different species)

  • primary infection is first exposure and disease
  • latency in neurons or lymphocytes
  • recurrence with or without symptoms
  • most people are infected with >3 kinds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

connection between primary and recurrent herpesvirus infections

A
  1. exposure/transmission via secretions in membranes
  2. primary disease (first infection) in children; severe to mild
  3. latency (in neurons or lymphocytes, with asymptomatic shedding)
  4. reactivation (recurrent disease in adults, often to never)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how can herpesvirus be transmitted?

A

secretions (saliva, breastmilk) and mucous membranes (oral, genital)
-can be from infected person with primary infection, or recurrence of latent infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when can asymptomatic shedding occur?

A

at any time, even during latency and recurrence

-this can transmit to naive person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe primary herpes simplex virus type 1 clinically? how it’s spread?

A

stomatitis

  • usually occurs in childhood (50-80% of population is seropositive)
  • spread by close contact with active lesions or asymptomatic shedding
  • lesions on mouth, face, nose, eyes, etc.
  • latency in dorsal root ganglia neurons
  • HSV-1 infections are usually above the waist, but can be genital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

treatment of HSV-1? recurrent HSV-1?

A

primary: oral acyclovir, zovirax or derivatives

recurrent: acyclovir, zovirax, valtrex, famvir
- use as needed for outbreaks or prophylaxis to prevent recurrences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

describe recurrent HSV-1? causes?

A

herpes labialis (cold sores)

  • 20% of seropositive people have recurrent lesions on lips, eyes, or inside mouth
  • recurrence triggered by fever, UV exposure, hormones, stress, physical trauma
  • lesions are contagious; secretions can spread virus without symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is HSV keratitis and corneal scarring?

A

primary infection of the eye occuring at birth from vaginal mucosa

  • caused by HSV-1/2 recurrence
  • chronic HSV keratitis can cause corneal scarring and vision loss
  • disease is mediated by infiltration of T-cells that destroy the cornea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

treatment of HSV keratitis/corneal scarring?

A

antivirals are important to prevent corneal transplant

-corneal transplant may be needed if damaged too much

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

describe herpetic whitlow?

A

primary HSV-1/2 of non-mucosal sites, acquired by direct contact (such as putting bare hands in other’s mouths)

  • susceptible: dentists, hospital workers (decreased from glove use), wrestlers
  • recurrences at unusual sites: hands, legs, back
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is treatment and prevention for herpetic whitlow?

A

treat: acyclovir and derivatives
prevent: gloves

30
Q

explain primary genital herpes (HSV-2)

A

extensive vesicular, pustular, or erythematous lesions on penis, labia, anus (oral/ocular possible)

  • pain, itching, fever, malaise, headache
  • -usually but not always below waist
31
Q

what is treatment for primary HSV-2? recurrent?

A

primary: antiviral treatment important to shorten acute infection, prevent spread to brain
recurrent: prophylactic antiviral treatment can reduce recurrence and thus transmission

32
Q

can you have HSV-1 and HSV-2?

A

yes, double infections are very common

33
Q

what has the highest risk for congenital infections (mother to fetus)?

A

HSV-2 primary genital herpes

-recurrent genital herpes has moderate risk for perinatal infection

34
Q

explain HSV-2 recurrent genital herpes?

A

prodrome: itching, tingling at lesion site a day before outbreak
- vesicular lesions appear on labia, penis, anus, mouth, etc.
- lesions are contagious, but shedding and transmission CAN OCCUR WITHOUT SYMPTOMS
- frequency of recurrences is highly individual; ranges from never to monthly

35
Q

explain primary varicella-zoster virus?

A

chicken pox

  • aerosol transmission is highly contagious
  • 1-2 week incubation period (contagiousness, fever, malaise precede rash)
  • latency in dorsal root ganglia neurons
  • severity increases with age
36
Q

what is the only herpes virus transmittable through the air?

A

chickenpox; primary varicella-zoster virus

37
Q

how is the chicken pox rash distinctive?

A

“dew drops on rose petals”

  • few to hundreds on face/trunk
  • lesions are itchy, vesicular, and form scabs that may scar
38
Q

what is treatment, prevention, and complications of chicken pox?

A

prevent: Varivax vaccine
treat: acyclovir, Foscarnet
complications: visceral infection, dissemination to brain, pneumonitis, bacterial infection of lesions

39
Q

what is shingles?

A

recurrence of VZV

  • prodrome: burning, itching, tingling
  • outbreak occurs along a single dermatome
  • vesicular lesions are extremely painful, pruritic
  • more common in elderly and immunocompromised
40
Q

what is treatment and complications of shingles?

A

treat: acyclovir and derivatives
complication: keratitis, retinitis, Bell’s palsy, postherpetic neuralgia

41
Q

what is herpes zoster ophthalmicus? treatment?

A

HZO; approximately 30% of zoster outbreaks affect the face

  • zoster in the eye can destroy retina, rapidly leading to blindness
  • all tissues of eye can be infected and damaged
  • long-lasting pain is common
  • aggressive treatment
42
Q

explain VZV vaccines?

A

live, attenuated virus (Oka/Merck strain)

  • Varivax to prevent varicella (ages 1-60 is 80-90% effective)
  • Zostavax to prevent zoster (ages >50 is 50% effective)
  • -at 14x higher dose than Varivax
  • ACIP recommends getting both
43
Q

what is oral hairy leukoplakia?

A

EBV recurrence causing epithelial overgrowth on tongue

  • nonpainful hairy of reathery lesions on tongue or buccal mucosa
  • associated with HIV infection, transplantation, chemotherapy, etc.
44
Q

explain cytomegalovirus primary infection?

A

primary CMV infection is usually asymptomatic and acquired in childhood

  • very similar to infectious mononucleosis from EBV)
  • differentiate b/c CMV has petechial rash and jaundice, while EBV has sore throat
45
Q

what is exanthem subitum? transmission? clinical signs?

A

roseola caused by HHV6b/7 (no known disease linked to HHV6a)

  • HHV infects CD4+ T-cells, site of latency
  • transmitted by saliva
  • by age 2, >90% of children have had roseola twice
  • has 3-day illness of high fever, followed by faint rash on trunk
46
Q

why is roseola sometimes misdiagnosed?

A

many infants mistakenly given antibiotics for suspected infection
-since the rash comes after the third day, it’s attributed to a drug allergy instead of roseola

47
Q

explain Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus primary infection

A

no known disease

  • prevalent in African, Mediterranean, homosexual populations
  • evidence of sexual transmission
  • found in B-cells and endothelial cells (probable site of latency)
48
Q

what is linked to HHV8/KSHV?

A
  • Kaposi’s sarcoma
  • body cavity-based lymphomas
  • Castleman’s disease
  • hyperplastic lymphadenopathy
49
Q

what is Coxsackie virus virology? the types of clinical effects?

A

large family of small, naked, ssRNA viruses (Enteroviridae –> poliovirus, others that cause GI infections, neuromuscular disease, encephalitis, meningitis)
-skin manifestations and hand, foot, and mouth disease

50
Q

skin manifestations of Coxsackie virus?

A
  1. herpangina - throat infection causes red-ringed blisters and ulcers on tonsils and soft palate
  2. hemorrhagic conjunctivitis - begins as eye pain, then red, watery eyes with swelling, light sensitivity, and blurred vision
51
Q

what is hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by? clinically?

A

from Coxsackie virus

  • painful red blisters on the throat, tongue, gums, hard palate, inside of cheeks, and palms/soles
  • feels like something is pricking you
  • common in pre-school children and parents
52
Q

how is hand, foot, and mouth disease transmitted? treatment? prevention?

A

highly contagious

  • spread on hands and surfaces contaminated by feces and saliva
  • aerosol spread from sneezes or coughs
  • treatment: none (passes due to immune system, not clearance of virus)
  • prevention: handwashing and sanitation
53
Q

virology of HPV? how is it spread? clinically?

A

small, naked DNA virus

  • infects skin, genitals, cervix, anus, mucosa
  • -warts are raised and without any redness around them (not inflammed)
  • spread by direct contact
54
Q

HPV treatment? prevention?

A
  • treat with chemical or surgical removal

- prevent with Gardasil (vaccine for young women, now for boys age 11)

55
Q

what must you be careful to differentiate HPV warts from?

A

molluscum contagiosum virus

56
Q

what are poxvirus famous for?

A

skin rashes

-worst and now almost extinct human poxvirus infection

57
Q

what is molluscum contagiosum virus? what do they look like?

A

MCV poxvirus (large, envoloped DNA virus)

  • lesions are pearly, flesh-colored, raised, and umbilicated
  • -occur anywhere on body in children
  • -anogenital area in sexually active adults
  • -occasionally, a single “giant molluscum” nodule may occur (10 mm)
  • -lesions rarely appear on palms, soles, mucosa, face, or eyes
58
Q

transmission and incidence of MCV?

A

transmit by skin-skin contact or by fomites (tattooing, wrestling, towels)

  • disease incidence is 2-8%
  • -most common in school-age children
  • -much higher incidence in HIV+ poopulation (5-20%)
59
Q

treatment of MCV and HPV?

A

surgery, cryotherapy, or chemicals

-topical treatment with Cidofovir is promising for MCV only, although somewhat toxic

60
Q

explain the variola virus

  • clinical signs?
  • stages?
A

smallpox; fever, severe aching pains and prostration

  • 2-3 days later, umbilicated papular rash over the face and extremities
  • rash stages: papular –> vesicular –> pustular –> scabs (leave pitted scars)
  • death usually during second week from overwhelming infection
61
Q

treatment of smallpox?

A

supportive care and vaccination

  • originally vaccinated via vaccinia virus (cowpox)
  • -variola virus and other poxviruses were “blended” to create modern vaccine strain vaccinia virus
62
Q

is vaccinia perfectly safe?

A

no, there can be adverse vaccination reactions

-vaccinia is a live vaccine that carries risk for some people, including immunocompromised

63
Q

auto-inoculation of vaccinia?

A

from arm to eyes

64
Q

generalized vaccinia?

A

virus disseminates through body

65
Q

eczema vaccinatum?

A

contraindicated in anyone with eczema

66
Q

progressive vaccinia?

-treatment?

A

vaccinia necrosum or gangrenosum

  • occurs in immunocompromised patients
  • treatment includes Cidofovir and VIG (vaccine immune globulin)
67
Q

virology of measles? symptoms?

A

paramyxovirus, enveloped, negative strand RNA

  • contagious during incubation period
  • symptoms: cough, conjunctivitis, fever, rash, Koplik’s spots
68
Q

what are Koplik’s spots?

A

small, red spots with bluish centers on buccal mucosa

-in measles

69
Q

virology of Rubella? symptoms?

A

German measles

  • togavirus, enveloped, +RNA
  • respiratory virus, aerosol spread
  • maculopapular rash, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia
  • congenital infections severe
70
Q

treatment of Rubella? prevention?

A

treatment: none
prevention: MMR vaccine; herd immunity is crucial

MSII Microbiology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions