Unit 4 Transformation of matter and energy Flashcards
Describe the phosphagen system.
This system delivers 4M ATP per minutes, which is a lot. It is used for fast and intense need of ATP such as running a sprint. First, it uses the available ATPbin the muscles, which lastas about one to three seconds, and then it uses phosphocreatine and turns it into creatine. ADP to ATP.
Describe the glucolytic system.
It synthesizes more ATP using glycolysis. First, the breakdown of glycogen into glucose happens. Then, glucose is used in glycolysis (series of reactions). Glucose becomes 2 pyruvates and if oxygen is insufficient pyruvates becomes lactic acid. Once the pH is too low, the reactions stop. No oxygen is used in the reactions, the system is anaerobic. It provides 2.5M ATP per minutes and lasts about 1.3 to 1.6 minutes.
Describe the oxydative system.
This system makes ATP using pyruvates, the products of glycolysis. It uses them in the citric acid cycle, electron transport system and chemiosmosis. It provides 1 M ATP per minutes, but is unlimited as long as food and oxygen are provided. It is always used even though other systems are used. Low level of energy needed, like thinking.
You are running a marathon, which systems do you use?
The oxidative system
How are monoglycerides and fatty acids chains absorbed by the small intestine?
They are transformed to chymomicrons and they enter the lacteal system.
What do amino acids, monosaccharides and short fatty acids do when they are absorbed?
They all go through the fenestrated capillaries and enter the circulatory system.
What is the first law of thermodynamics and how can it be applied to this biology course?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only change forms. We transform the chemical energy of foods into ATP which them becomes kinetic energy.
What is the second law of thermodynamics and how can it be applied to this biology course?
Entropy of a system always increases. When the potential energy of our food is transformed into ATP potential energy, heat is released as it is the most random form of energy. Cells and organism also tend towards entropy, so it requires energy to maintain homeostasis.
How can redox reaction can be generalized for this course?
An oxidation is the loss of a H or the gain of a O and releases energy. A reduction is the gain of a H or the loss of a O, which requires energy.
Oxidation equals…??
Loss of H, release of energy
Reduction equals…?
Gain of H, requires energy
Why would a fatty acid chain contain more energy than a glucose molecule?
It has a higher H:O ratio. Foods with high ratio of H:O are more likely to lose their electrons and be oxidized, which releases energy.
ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy What is this reaction?
It is ATP hydrolysis and it releases energy.
State one characteristic of ATP.
It has a high Pi transfer potential, meaning it is a good Pi donor and it usually donates Pi to acceptor.
What is ATP used for?
Biosynthesis such as the synthesis of RNA, active transport such as the Na+/K+ ion pump, movement.
