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Biology II > GENERAL BIOLOGY II Unit I and II > Flashcards

GENERAL BIOLOGY II Unit I and II Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five characteristics of all plants

A

eukaryotes, multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs, life cycle that alternates between haploid and diploid multicellular stages, store carbohydrate as starch.

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of plants form the phylum angiosperms?

A

They have fruits with seeds and an ovary.

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3
Q

Explain why hornworts are bryophytes?

A

They have all characteristics of plants and they have guard cells and stomata and a waxy cuticle.

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4
Q

What characterizes gymnosperms?

A

They have pollen, which is the male reproductive organ and seeds which contains the embryo, the endosperm and a seed coat.b

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5
Q

Why is an apple tree an angiosperm?

A

It has fruits with seeds and an ovary.

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6
Q

In bryophytes, which plant produces gamete by mitosis?

A

The haploid plant.

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7
Q

What is a meristem cell?

A

It is a cell that retains embryonic characteristics, it is capable of producing tissue and organs.

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8
Q

Name the three types of primary meristem that are established during the embryonic development and what type of structures they can create?

A

Root, apical and procambium (vascular tissue)

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9
Q

Walk me through the double fertilization event of the development of an angiosperm embryo.

A

First a pollen is released from the anther. It reaches a stigma and if they are compatible, the pollen tube grows through the style towards the ovule. two haploid sperms are released in the ovary. One fuses with the ovule to form the zygote and then the embryo and the other fuses with two nuclei of the central cell to form the 3n endosperm.

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10
Q

Walk me through the seed development of the development of an angiosperm embryo.

A

The endosperm undergoes many nuclear divisions followed by cytokinesis. The embryo establishes three divisions. The first establishes apical and basal pattern. The second establishes radial pattern of tissue and the last establishes the primary meristems.

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11
Q

What are the steps of homeostasis?

A

A stimulus causes change and the sensors sense it. The control send a message that makes the effector responds. Return back to normal.

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12
Q

What is the hierarchy of organization in the body?

A

cells, tissue, organs, system, organism

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13
Q

Is the action of amylase catabolism or anabolism?

A

Catabolism

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14
Q

Place these structures in order from simple to complex. Liver, epithelial cell, muscle

A

epithelial cell, muscle, liver

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15
Q

Why are dogs animals?

A

They are motile, they are chemoheterotrophs, they are eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular, they store carbohydrates as glycogen and they have no cell wall.

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16
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of specialized cells that have a similar function.

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17
Q

In which category does tendons and bones fit?

A

It is a connective tissue

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18
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

It protects, provides support and binds other tissues together.

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19
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

Epithelium, connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle

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20
Q

What do Porifera (sponges) don’t have?

A

Tissue and they are assymetrical

21
Q

What do Radiata (jellyfish) don’t have?

A

Bilateral symmetry they have radial symmetry.

22
Q

To what phylum are coral polyps, sea anemone and box jelly classified? What makes them unique?

A

They are in the phylum radiata and they have radial symmetry.

23
Q

What distinguishes the platyhelminths, the radiata and the porifera from the other animals?

A

They do not have body cavities, also known as coelum in the embryo.

24
Q

What is the advantage of having body cavities?

A

It provides space for organs and systems to develop and allows for a higher level of complexity. Animals with body cavities have more organs and systems, they have a longer digestive tract and they can store egg and sperm.

25
Q

Describe the embyonic cross section of an acoelomate such as the latyhelminths.

A

gut, endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm.

26
Q

Describe the embryonic cross section of a pesudocoelomate like the nematoda and the roteifera.

A

gut, endoderm, pseudocoelom, mesoderm, ectoderm.

27
Q

Describe the embryonic cross section of a coelomate like the mollusca, annelids…

A

gut, endoderm, mesoderm, coelum, mesodern, ectoderm.

28
Q

What is a digestive tract?

A

It is a separate openings for the mouth and anus. Often referred to as a tube in a tube structure.

29
Q

What are the human GI organs?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.

30
Q

What are the functions of the GI tract?

A

Ingest, food enters, digest, chemical enzyme, mechanical, breakdown of food. Absorb nutrients and defecate.

31
Q

What animal group have only a single opening in the GI tract?

A

The platyhelminths and the radiata. They have a single opening with a digestive cavity.

32
Q

What distinguishes the nematoda and the rotifera in terms of their GI tract?

A

They have two openings, but no muscle in their digestive organs.

33
Q

What are the advantages of having a complete digestive system? What animal groups have this complete GI tract?

A

With muscles to move your GI tract, the food moves independently from the animal’s movement. The animal can have a longer and more complex digestive system.. The annelids, the arthropods, the mollusca, the chordata and the echinodermata have that.

34
Q

What are jointed appendages?

A

These are the arms and legs that bend and provide flexibility and efficiency to movements.

35
Q

What is the characteristic of jointed appendages in chordates?

A

They are attached to the endoskeleton. They are attached to bones and controlled by the nervous system .

36
Q

What is the characteristic of jointed appendages in arthropods?

A

Muscles are attached to the exoskeleton.

37
Q

What are the echinodermata?

A

The echinodermata are animals like the sea stars, sea cucumber, sea urchins.

38
Q

What organs secrete mucus?

A

Stomach, small intestine

39
Q

What organs participate in the digestion of proteins?

A

Stomach (pepsin HCl + mechanical), pancreas(chymotrypsin and trypsin), small intestine (peptidase + mechanical), mouth (teeth mechanical)

40
Q

What are the organs that can defecate?

A

The colon (rectum and anus) of waste and bacteria

41
Q

What are the organs that participate in the digestion of carbohydrates?

A

Mouth (mechanical digestion + salivary amylse) stomach (mechanical digestion) pancreas (pancreatic amylase) small intestine (dextrinase)

42
Q

What organs absorb?

A

Stomach (aspirin, alcohol and some drugs) Small intestine (amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, water) colon (water, vitamin K, electrolytes)

43
Q

What are the three components of the membrane structure?

A

The phospholipids, the sterol lipids and the proteins embedded.

44
Q

What are the function of the sterol lipids?

A

They are embedded in between the fatty acids chains to provide stability and keep the membrane fluid.

45
Q

What are the two types of protein in the membrane?

A

There are the integral and transmembrane proteins that are within the membrane and the peripheral proteins that are on the membrane surface.

46
Q

Name the seven membrane function.

A

Defines the cell, selective transport, enzyme activity, signal transduction, cell adhesion, cell recognition and attachment to cytoskeleton.

47
Q

Why do we say that traffic across a membrane can be a passive transport?

A

Because some ways of transporting require “indirect” energy, that is, they do not require energy from the cell to go through the membrane, they only need a difference in concentration.

48
Q

The movement of O2 from the lungs to a capillars is an example of what type of passive transport?

A

It is a diffusion, the movement of the O2 molecules go from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

49
Q

Explain why celeris become more solid once you immerge them in water?

A

This is an example of osmosis, the celeri had a low water pressure on the membrane. the water thus moved from the hypotonic to hypertonic until isotonic.

Biology II (10 decks)

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