Unit 4 Topic 2 - Interpersonal Processes

Question 1

Define bystander intervention (4.2.1.1)

Answer 1

the act of a person voluntarily helping someone else

Question 2

Summarise

Bibb Darley & John Latane’s, 1968

(4.2.1.1)

Answer 2

AIM:

hypothesised people do not fail to help people because of ‘moral decay’ or ‘alienation’ but because of the presence of bystanders

METHOD:

3 IV groups

1. victim & participant
2. victim, confederate, and participant
3. victim, four confederates and participant

RESULTS:

• the presence of bystanders reduced the individual’s feelings of personal responsibility and lowered the speed of reporting
• the more bystanders, the less likely a person is to help

SUMMARY:

• people do not tend to help others in the presence of bystanders (the bystander effect)
• low external validity
• low population validity

Question 3

Describe prosocial behaviour and provide an example (4.2.1.2)

Answer 3

any behaviour that benefits another person or society (positive)

e.g. helping someone

Question 4

Describe the reciprocity principle (4.2.1.2)

Answer 4

humans will be kind to others if they have been kind to them

Question 5

Describe social responsibility (4.2.1.2)

Answer 5

expectation of individuals to help those in society who are in need

Question 6

Identify the 4 factors that influence prosocial behaviour (4.2.1.3)

Answer 6

Empathy, mood, competence and altruism

Question 7

Distinguish between empathy, mood, competence and altrusim (4.2.1.3)

Answer 7

Empathy

the ability to identify feelings of others

Mood

emotional state of person at any given time

Competence

ability to apply skills or actions required in circumstances

Altruism

behaving in selfless manner, even when there is little to no benefit

Question 8

Define antisocial behaviour (4.2.1.4)

Answer 8

any behaviour deemed to be harmful to harmful to others and by extension, the community.

Question 9

Identify 5 factors which influence antisocial behaviour (4.2.1.4)

Answer 9

Groupthink

Diffusion of Responsibility

Audience Inhibition

Social Influence

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Question 10

Explain groupthink as a factor influencing antisocial behaviour (4.2.1.4)

Answer 10

the reluctance to help based on what the group thinks

Question 11

Explain diffusion of responsbility as a factor influencing antisocial behaviour (4.2.1.4)

Answer 11

each person sees themselves less responsible than others to help

Question 12

Explain audience inhibition as a factor influencing antisocial behaviour (4.2.1.4)

Answer 12

presence of others reduces the likelihood of helping

Question 13

Explain social influence as a factor influencing antisocial behaviour (4.2.1.4)

Answer 13

the reaction of the group influences how other people will react

Question 14

Explain cost-benefit analysis as a factor influencing antisocial behaviour (4.2.1.4)

Answer 14

analysis of the pros and cons of the situation to make a decision

Question 15

Explain the general aggression model (4.2.1.5)

Answer 15

GAM suggests that certain events (insults or slaps) can activate aggressive thoughts, aggressive emotions, or a combination of both, which can trigger an aggressive impulse

Question 16

How was the general aggression model developed (4.2.1.5)

Answer 16

investigate if short-term exposure to violent or aggressive stimuli could induce aggressive interpretations by making hostile situations accessible

used violent video games as the stimulus in their study, and then assessed their responses to a range of scenarios (given story, predict how it ends)

Question 17

Identify 3 factors which influence aggression (4.2.1.6)

Answer 17

Advertising, Video Games, Social Media

Question 18

Summarise

Buss, Abbott, Angleitner, Asherian, Biaggio et al, 1990

(4.2.1.7)

Answer 18

AIM:

to determine if there are certain universal traits which influence mate selection worldwide

METHOD:

• very high and diverse sample size
• participants completed a questionnaire to get results

RESULTS:

• mutual attraction + love is number 1 reason people form relationships
• ‘chastity’ is largest difference between cultures
• woman tended to care more about money, social status, and ambition
• men tended to care about age more than woman
• physical attraction valued more by males

SUMMARY:

• culture has string effect on human mate preferences
• traditional values versus modern approaches
• minimal differences between male and female cultures and countries
• ISSUE: translation of survey limits reliability and people could have lied in survey

Question 19

Explain the 3 social and cognitive origins of attraction (4.2.1.8)

Answer 19

Proximity – people are more likely to become friends with people who are geographically close

Reciprocity – giving as much as you receive can influence the attraction and longevity of a relationship (perceived as ‘reward’ rather than ‘cost’)

Similarity – people who are like each other are more likely to find each other as attractive

Question 20

Define relationship dissolution (4.2.1.9)

Answer 20

the ending of a relationship initiated by at least one partner in the relationship

Question 21

Identify the five stages in order of Rollie & Duck, 2006 relationship dissolution (4.2.1.9)

Answer 21

• Intra-Psychic Phase
• Dyadic Phase
• Social Phase
• Grave-Dressing Phase
• Resurrection Phase

Question 22

Explain the Intra-Phychic Phase of Rollie & Duck, 2006 relationship dissolution (4.2.1.9)

Answer 22

a person’s internal thought process that occurs before confronting the partner (when person internally admits they are dissatisfied)

Question 23

Explain the Dyadic Phase of Rollie & Duck, 2006 relationship dissolution (4.2.1.9)

Answer 23

•volume of verbal confrontation between the parties to the relationship (person confronts partner about dissatisfaction)

Question 24

Explain the Social Phase of Rollie & Duck, 2006 relationship dissolution (4.2.1.9)

Answer 24

•point in which the dissolution process become public, up to this point it has been private (couple involves relatives/friends for support)

Question 25

Explain the Grave-Dressing Phase of Rollie & Duck, 2006 relationship dissolution (4.2.1.9)

Answer 25

•signs of the closure of the previous relationship and readiness to start a new one (couple rebuilding life without their significant other)

Question 26

Explain the Resurrection Phase of Rollie & Duck, 2006 relationship dissolution (4.2.1.9)

Answer 26

•individual has moved beyond the pain of the relationship and may have experienced personal growth (individual has moved on from ex-partner)

Question 27

Explain why the Rollie & Duck, 2006 relationship dissolution stages are used (4.2.1.9)

Answer 27

The five stages can help explain and predict why and how relationships end (and the process involved with each partner).