Unit 3 Topic 1 - Localisation of Function in the Brain

Question 1

Recall the structure of peripheral nervous system (3.1.1.1)

Answer 1

Somatic and Autonomic Sympathetic, Parasympathetic

Question 2

Recall the structure of central nervous system (3.1.1.1)

Answer 2

Spinal Cord and Brain

Question 3

Describe the role of the spinal cord (3.1.1.2)

Answer 3

runs from the brain all the way down the back used as central communication pathway for the upper and lower body parts with the brain interconnected axons are called tracts ascending tracts: afferent / descending tracts: efferent

Question 4

Identify the four discrete areas of the brain (3.1.1.3)

Answer 4

frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal lobes

Question 5

Explain the role of the frontal lobe (3.1.1.3)

Answer 5

prefrontal cortex: planning reasoning

premotor cortex: organising movement

motor cortex: producing movement

Question 6

Explain the role of the occipital lobe (3.1.1.3)

Answer 6

connects the two hemispheres responsible for visual processing

Question 7

Explain the role of the parietal lobe (3.1.1.3)

Answer 7

somatosensory cortex: touch, temperature, body position

Question 8

Explain the role of the temporal lobe (3.1.1.3)

Answer 8

Auditory Cortex: identifying and processing sounds

Memory, Face Recognition, Emotional Responses

Question 9

Differentiate between Broca’s Area, Wernicke’s Area and Geschwind’s Territory (3.1.1.4)

Answer 9

Broca’s Area: located in frontal lobe, articulates speech Wernicke’s Area: located in temporal lobe, interpreting sounds (especially speech) Geschwind’s Territory: located in parietal lobe, connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas

Question 10

Identify where voluntary movement is coordinated from (3.1.1.5)

Answer 10

primary motor cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia

Question 11

Explain the role of the primary motor cortex (3.1.1.5)

Answer 11

responsible for movement of skeletal muscles and activates neural impulses that execute voluntary movement

Question 12

Explain the role of the cerebellum (3.1.1.5)

Answer 12

stores sequences of movements previosuly learnt

Question 13

Explain the role of the basil ganglia (3.1.1.5)

Answer 13

involved with control of movement, gathering and channelling information from different areas of the brain

Question 14

Identify where emotion occurs (3.1.1.6)

Answer 14

limbic system, amygdala and prefrontal cortex

Question 15

List the components of the limbic system which affect emotion (3.1.1.6)

Answer 15

hippocampus

hypothalamus

amygdala

thalamus

Question 16

Explain the role of the amygdala in reference to emotion (3.1.1.6)

Answer 16

initates fear, anger and aggression

Question 17

Explain the role of the prefrontal cortex in reference to emotion (3.1.1.6)

Answer 17

regulates emotions

Question 18

Distinguish between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (3.1.1.8)

Answer 18

Excitatory Neurotransmitters: causes the neuron to fire (glutamate) Inhibitory Neurotransmitters: inhibit the neuron from firing (gamma-amino butyric acid)

Question 19

Compare the physical and psychological function of acetylcholine (3.1.1.9)

Answer 19

Produced: motor neurons and basal ganglia (parasym) OR postganglionic neurons (sym)

E/I: Exhibitory

Physical Functions: contracts smooth muscles (stimulates respitory, circuilatory and digestive function), dilates blood vessels

Question 20

Compare the physical and psychological function of epinephrine (3.1.1.9)

Answer 20

Produced: medulla

E/I: Excitatory

Physical Functions: increase HR, increase glucose (energy//sugar)

Question 21

Compare the physical and psychological function of norepinephrine (3.1.1.9)

Answer 21

Produced: medulla

E/I: Excitatory

Physical Functions: increase HR, increase glucose, increase blood pressure

Question 22

Compare the physical and psychological function of dopamine (3.1.1.9)

Answer 22

Produced: like everywhere

E/I: Both Excitatory and Inhibitory

Physical Functions: complex movement, motor control, cognition, emotional response (euphoria or pleasure)

Question 23

Compare the physical and psychological function of serotonin (3.1.1.9)

Answer 23

Produced: neurons in brain stem

E/I: Inhibitory

Physical Functions: regulates body temp, perception of pain, emotions, sleep cycle

Question 24

Explain the impact of Parkinson’s Disease (3.1.1.10)

Answer 24

Progressive condition that impacts mobility and coordination Deficit in dopamine causes uncontrollable firing Symptoms include slow movement, dementia Treatments include drugs which increase levels of dopamine

Question 25

Explain the impact of Alzheimer’s Disease (3.1.1.10)

Answer 25

Neurodegenerative disease that effects hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex Low levels of acetylcholine amongst neurotransmitters Symptoms include severe memory loss Treatments include drugs which increase levels of acetylcholine

Question 26

Compare the types of neurotransmitters Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease effect (3.1.1.10)

Answer 26

Parkinson’s Disease: dopamine Alzheimer’s Disease: acetylcholine

Question 27

Draw the neurotransmission process, labelling where the neurotransmission occurs (3.1.1.7)

Answer 27

Question 28

Explain the role of the hypothalamus in reference to emotion (3.1.1.6)

Answer 28

regulates autonomic nervous system

Question 29

Explain the role of the thalamus in reference to emotion (3.1.1.6)

Answer 29

regulates sensory information

Question 30

Explain the role of the hippocampus (3.1.1.6)

Answer 30

converts short-term memory to long-term memory