Unit 4 Test Flashcards
Standard Deviation
look at photos pic
Debreifing
researchers explain a study to participants after it’s over. They share the purpose, any tricks used, and answer questions. It helps make sure participants understand what happened and weren’t harmed. (AFTER THE STUDY)
Informed Consent
when a person agrees to take part in a study or activity after being fully told about what it involves. They are given all the details (like what will happen, any risks, and their rights) so they can make a choice to participate or not. (BEFORE THE STUDY)
Bystander Effect
when people are less likely to help someone in need when others are around. The more people there are, the less likely anyone is to step in, because they assume someone else will help.
Self Serving Bias
people take credit for their successes but blame others or outside factors for their failures. For example, if you do well on a test, you might think it’s because you’re smart, but if you do poorly, you might say it’s because the test was unfair.
Mere Exposure Effect
when you tend to like something more simply because you’re exposed to it repeatedly. For example, the more you hear a song, the more you might start to like it, even if you didn’t care for it at first.
Groupthink
people in a group agree on something without critically thinking or considering other options, just to avoid conflict or because they want to fit in.
Fundamental Attribution Error
when we blame someone’s behavior on their personality or character, rather than considering the situation they might be in.
Big Five Personality Test
What are the 5 Traits (define them)
Openness: How willing you are to try new things and be creative.
Conscientiousness: How organized and responsible you are.
Extraversion: How outgoing and social you are.
Agreeableness: How kind, friendly, and cooperative you are.
Neuroticism: How easily you get upset or stressed.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
when your beliefs or expectations about something make it more likely to happen. For example, if you believe you’ll fail a test and feel stressed, that might cause you to not study well, which leads to failing the test.
External Locus of Control
when you believe that outside factors, like luck or other people, have more control over your life and outcomes than you do
Group Polarization
when a group of people with similar views make their opinions even stronger after discussing them together. For example, if a group of friends already thinks something is a good idea, talking about it may make them all even more convinced it’s the best choice.
split choices type example on photos
Stereotyping
when you make assumptions about someone based on their group, like their race, gender, or age, instead of seeing them as an individual.
Independent Variable in an experiment
what you change or manipulate to see its effect. For example, if you’re testing how light affects plant growth, the amount of light is the independent variable.
Dependent Variable in an experiment
what you measure to see how it changes in response to the independent variable. In the same plant example, the plant’s growth (height or size) is the dependent variable because it depends on the amount of light.
Incentive Theory
people are motivated to act based on rewards or incentives. We do things because we expect a positive outcome or benefit, like working hard to get a bonus or studying to earn good grades. (think of rewards!)
Personality Inventory
type of questionnaire or test that helps assess and measure different aspects of a person’s personality
Facial Feedback
your facial expressions can influence how you feel. For example, smiling can make you feel happier, even if you weren’t feeling happy at first.
Extrinsic Motivation
when you do something for an external reward or to avoid punishment
Intrinsic Motivation
when you do something because you enjoy it or find it interesting, not for any external reward.
Humanistic Approach
personal growth, self-fulfillment, and the belief that people are naturally good and have the potential to reach their best selves.
Psychodynamic Approach
how unconscious thoughts, feelings, and past experiences (especially from childhood) influence behavior. It was developed by Sigmund Freud
Cognitive Dissonance
the feeling of discomfort that happens when you hold two conflicting beliefs or when your actions don’t match your beliefs. For example, if you believe in healthy eating but eat junk food, you might feel uncomfortable because your behavior doesn’t align with your values.
In studies, what tells us that emotions are universal?
facial expressions
Mode
number or value that appears most frequently in a set of data, there can be no mode too!
