Unit 2 Test Flashcards
Prototype
Example of a concept
Intelligence
Mental quality that is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
Achievement Tests
Measures a person’s knowledge or skills in a specific area that they have studied.
EX: an AP Test, if you pass it- it can exempt you from a course in college.
Aptitude Tests
Designed to measure a person’s potential to develop skills or perform tasks. This evaluates natural skills or talents in areas like reasoning, problem solving or specific skills.
EX: SAT, ACT
Predictive Validly: Test predicts future outcomes/future performances. Meaning it measures whether the test results can accurately forecast how someone will perform in a specific area in the future.
IQ
Intelligent Quotient
The score is derived from standardized tests which measure your intelligence.
Calculated by:
Dividing your mental age by their chronological age x 100 (which is their actual age).
Why IQ Score steadily increased over the last 100 years
This is known as the Flynn Effect
-Better nutrition
-Improved education
-Smaller families
-More complex environments
-Changes in test taking
Reliable
The consistency of test results which is considered to be reliable.
Valid
How well tests measure what they are intended to measure, they are valid if it is accurate.
Standardized
Making sure a test is administered and scored in a consistent way for all test takers.
Creating norms (average scores) based on a large, representative sample of people to ensure that the test results are reliable and valid.
Selective Attention
It’s when you focus on one thing and ignore everything else. Like listening to someone in a noisy room. (you’re choosing to listen to the one person)
Encoding
Process of getting information into the memory system/brain (automatic vs. effortful processing)
Automatic: Memory stored in your brain without you having to try. EX: like remembering parts of a song you keep hearing
Effortful: Working to remember something. EX: like studying for a test
Encoding Failure
This happens when you don’t pay enough attention to something, so it doesn’t get stored in your memory. Like forgetting where you put your keys because you weren’t focused on them.
Implicit Memory
The memory you use without thinking, like riding a bike. (You don’t need to remember it).
Hippocampus
Part of the brain that helps store and organize memories. They also connect certain senses to those memories.
Episodic Memory
The memory of specific events in your life.
Retroactive Interference
Newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories
Proactive Interference
Older memories interfere with retrieval of newer memories (hard to make new memories)
Chunking
This is an encoding technique that makes it easier to remember larger pieces of information by taking taking individual pieces of information (chunks) and grouping them into larger units.
Algorithm
A step-by-step method or formula for solving a problem. It’s like following a recipe to make a dish.
Eye Witness Testimony (Misinformation Effect)
Made by Elizabeth Loftus
Eye witness testimony isn’t always reliable. This is when someone describes what they saw during an event, like a crime or accident, to help solve the case.
The misinformation effect happens when a person’s memory is influenced by wrong or misleading information, causing them to remember things incorrectly.
Context-Dependent Memory
This is when you remember something better if you’re in the same place or situation where you originally learned it. For example, you might remember something more easily if you’re in the same room where you studied for a test.
Long Term Memory
All the memories we hold for periods of time longer than a few seconds (retrieval cues can bring up memories, making it non estimable for how long memories can be stored)
Short Term Memory
The capacity for holding a small amount of info for a brief period of time (20 to 30 seconds) (sensitive and vulnerable to interference/interruption)
Anterograde Amnesia
Unable to create new memories after an amnesia-inducing event (no new memories AFTER)
Retrograde Amnesia
Forgetting events from BEFORE injury (the past)
Source Amnesia
Can recall events, however, not sure how you learned about them.
Iconic Memory
sensory input from the visual system (eye-conic) (EX: outline of fireworks)
Echoic Memory
auditory- echo. You hear it. (3-4 Seconds) (EX: hearing 3-4 seconds of a song and knowing what song it is, or having an idea of the song)
Procedural
This is the type of memory that helps you remember how to do things, like riding a bike, typing on a keyboard, or playing an instrument. It’s the “how-to” memory that you don’t have to think about.
Maintenance Rehearsal
This is the process of repeatedly practicing or going over information to keep it in your memory. Keeps things in short term memory.
Serial Position Effect
This is the tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle ones.
Recency Effect
better recall of the first items on a list from greater rehearsal
Primacy Effect
better recall of he last items, still in working memory
Confidentiality
ethical responsibility to protect the personal information of clients or participants in research.
Debriefing
This is the process of explaining to participants in a study what the study was about, AFTER it’s finished.
Informed Consent
This is when participants in a study are given all the important details about the study BEFORE they agree to take part.
Hindsight Bias
when you feel like you knew what was going to happen after it happens. For example, after a sports team wins a game, you might say, “I knew they were going to win!” even though you weren’t sure before the game.
What do Cognitive Psychologists study?
They study how people think, learn, remember, and perceive information. They explore processes like attention, memory, problem-solving, decision-making, language, and perception. In short, they focus on how our minds work and how we process and use information.
Mode
mode is the value that appears most frequently in a set of data. (there can be no mode)
Cocktail Party Effect
The ability to focus on a single conversation or sound in a noisy environment, like at a party, while ignoring other background noise.
Explicit Memory
Memory you have to consciously think about like remembering a friends birthday.
Long-Term Potentiation
when your brain strengthens connections between brain cells (neurons) because you use them a lot. The more you practice something (like a skill or memory), the easier it becomes for your brain to remember or do it.
Prototype, intelligence, Prototype
Achievement Tests, Aptitude Test, iq,Why has the average IQ score steadily increased in the last 100 years?
Reliable
Valid
Standardized Selective Attention
Memory
Encoding
Encoding Failure
Implicit Memory
Hippocampus
Episodic Memory
Retroactive Interference
Proactive Interference
Chunking, Algorithm
Eye Witness Testimony
Misinformation Effect
Context-Dependent Memory
Long-Term Memory
Basic Assumptions
Short-Term Memory
Basic Assumptions
Anterograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
Source Amnesia
Iconic Memory
Echoic Memory
Procedural
Maintenance Rehearsal
Serial Position Effect, recency effect, primary effect, Confidentiality
Debriefing
Informed Consent
Hindsight Bias
What do Cognitive Psychologists study?
Mode
Cocktail Party Effect
Prototype, intelligence, Prototype
Achievement Tests, Aptitude Test, iq,Why has the average IQ score steadily increased in the last 100 years?
Reliable
Valid
Standardized Selective Attention
Memory
Encoding
Encoding Failure
Implicit Memory
Hippocampus
Episodic Memory
Retroactive Interference
Proactive Interference
Chunking, Algorithm
Eye Witness Testimony
Misinformation Effect
Context-Dependent Memory
Long-Term Memory
Basic Assumptions
Short-Term Memory
Basic Assumptions
Anterograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
Source Amnesia
Iconic Memory
Echoic Memory
Procedural
Maintenance Rehearsal
Serial Position Effect, recency effect, primary effect, Confidentiality
Debriefing
Informed Consent
Hindsight Bias
What do Cognitive Psychologists study?
Mode
Cocktail Party Effect
