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cell bio > unit 4 terms > Flashcards

unit 4 terms Flashcards

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1
Q

signal transduction

A

the process of perceiving and converting signals into responses

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2
Q

reception

A

an extracellular signal is detected by a target cell.

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3
Q

transduction

A

Signal perception causes a conformational change in the receptor. triggers a cascade of reactions in which the signal is transferred among several relay molecules.

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4
Q

response

A

the change in the behavior of a cell is the direct result of the signal

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5
Q

extracellular signal

A

chemical cues that cells send to each other to communicate and coordinate physiological processes

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6
Q

target cell

A

the cell that is receiving the extracellular cell

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7
Q

signaling cell

A

the cell that initiates the signal

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8
Q

receptor

A

protein that recognizes and responds specifically to the signal

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9
Q

endocrine signaling

A

used for long-distance signaling

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10
Q

hormones

A

how endocrine signals move

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11
Q

paracrine signaling

A

used in more short signaling

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12
Q

local mediator

A

localized signals that only act on cells near their origin

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13
Q

autocrine signaling

A

perceive signals they create themselves

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14
Q

nuclear receptor

A

a class of proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to ligands and acting as transcription factors

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15
Q

secondary messanger

A

amplify the received signal because they are small signaling molecules

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16
Q

molecular switch

A

proteins that are able to be quickly activated or inactivated by a signal

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17
Q

GTP binding protein

A

toggle back and forth between having GTP and GDP bound

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18
Q

GEF

A

guanine nucleotide exchange factor. promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP

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19
Q

GAP

A

GTPase-activating protein helps the GTPase hydrolyze GTP

20
Q

GPCR

A

G-protein coupled receptors. the largest family of cell surface receptors. bind very diverse types of signals

21
Q

G-alpha

A

is a subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein, which is activated when Gα releases GDP and binds to GTP.

22
Q

G-beta

A

regulate many processes in pancreatic β cells, including insulin secretion, β-cell growth, and apoptosis.

23
Q

G-gamma

A
  • stabilization of G-beta and G-Protein Complex
  • Signal Modulation
  • targeting and Localization
24
Q

adenylyl cyclase

A

catalyzes teh reaction that converts ATP to cAMP

25
Q

cAMP

A

cAMP serves as a second messenger in many signaling pathways, primarily associated with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

26
Q

cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase

A

what degrades cAMP and is always active in the cell

27
Q

cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA)

A

is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates many physiological processes

28
Q

phospholipase C

A

functions to cleave lipids in the membrane

29
Q

inositol phospholipids

A

only on the cytosolic side of the lipid bilayer

30
Q

IP3

A

opens ligand gated Ca2+ channels in the ER, releasing Ca2+ into the cytosol

31
Q

diacylglycerol (DAG)

A

signaling lipid that activates proteins like pkc

32
Q

calmodulin

A

one of the most common calcium-binding proteins present in the cytosol of all eukaryotes

33
Q

CaM kinase (phosphatase)

A

are activated by binding to CaM/Ca2+ complexes and can go on to activate a variety of cellular processes.

34
Q

protein kinase C (PKC)

A

-partly activated by CA2+
-interacts with DAG to fully activate
-has many downstream targets

35
Q

autophosphorylation

A

when a protein kinase adds a phosphate group to itself

36
Q

enzyme coupled receptor

A

bind a variety of signals often local mediators

37
Q

receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)

A

largest class of enzyme-coupled receptors in animals. function in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival

38
Q

RAS

A

a lipid-linked monomeric GTPase located at the membrane

39
Q

MAP kinase signaling module

A

RAS trigged it

40
Q

MAPKKK

A

kinase that phosphorylates MAPKK

41
Q

MAPKK

A

kinase that phosphorylates MAPK

42
Q

MAPK

A

last kinase in the module

43
Q

phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3-Kinases)

A

common docking sites for other kinases like Akt

44
Q

Akt/PKB

A

3 protein kinases that are central to cell signaling

45
Q

Bad

A

protein promotes cell death when active

46
Q

Bcl2

A

a protein that regulates programmed cell death, or apoptosis, in cell

47
Q

Tor kinase

A

stimulates growth by enhancing protein synthesis and inhibiting protein degradation

cell bio (4 decks)

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