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cell bio > unit 2 terms > Flashcards

unit 2 terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

membrane fluidity

A

the ability of cell and organelle membranes to maintain their structure and function by allowing molecules to move within them

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2
Q

cholesterol

A

a sterol molecule. Rigid steroid ring structure fills the space in the bilayer and gives structure.

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3
Q

scramblase

A

the enzyme that redistributes lipids randomly to make things even

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4
Q

glycocalyx

A

carbohydrate coat in animals

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5
Q

flippase

A

enzyme that finds specific lipids and flips them to other side

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6
Q

transmembrane protein

A

a type of integral membrane protein that span the cell membrane and perform important biological functions.

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7
Q

lipid linked protein

A

proteins that are covalently attached to lipids in the cell membrane

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8
Q

protein attached

A

proteins that are attached to a biological membrane

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9
Q

integral proteins

A

proteins that are permanently attached to the cell membrane

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10
Q

peripheral protein

A

Proteins that are loosely attached to the surface of a cell or mitochondrial membrane, but are not embedded in it.

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11
Q

membrane domain

A

concentrate specific lipids and proteins at one place within the membrane, which helps in cell signaling, adhesion, and other critical cellular processes

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12
Q

simple diffusion

A

directly cross the membrane

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13
Q

facilitated transport

A

uses a protein

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14
Q

hypertonic

A

more solute outside vs. inside the cell

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15
Q

hypotonic

A

less solute outside of the cell

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16
Q

isotonic

A

equilibrium (happy cell)

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17
Q

turgor pressure

A

the force within a cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall

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18
Q

passive transport

A

solute moves down WITH a concentration gradient (more or less) and does not require energy

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19
Q

active transport

A

solute move against the concentration gradient (less to more) requires input of energy

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20
Q

channel

A

-passive only
-moves ions
-solute specificity determined by size and charge

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21
Q

transporter

A

-passive or active
-moves ions and uncharged molecules
-solute specificity determined by affinity for binding site (like an enzyme)

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22
Q

membrane potential

A

difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell

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23
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

determines the direction that ions will flow through an open ion channel

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24
Q

K-leak channel

A

membrane proteins that allow potassium ions to flow across cell membranes

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25
Q

selectivity filter

A

allows only specific ions to move across the membrane

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26
Q

voltage-gated channels

A

have voltage-sensing domains that can tell when there is a change in membrane potential. switch from open to close after reaching a certain threshold.

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27
Q

ligand-gated channels

A

have a binding site on either side and can only open when ligand is bound.

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28
Q

Pumps

A

active transport proteins used to get things across the membrane

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29
Q

sodium/potassium pump

A

moves potassium ions into the cell while simultaneously moving sodium ions out of the cell

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30
Q

coupled pump/cotransport

A

uses energy of a strong concentration gradient of one solute to power the movement of a second molecule against the gradient

31
Q

symport

A

moves two molecules in the same direction

32
Q

antiport

A

moves two molecules in opposite directions

33
Q

neuron

A

specialized cells that receive, integrate, and transmit signals.

34
Q

action potential

A

the traveling wave of depolarization/repolarization

35
Q

mitochondria

A

site of cellular respiration and atp synthase

36
Q

outer membrane

A

contains specialized porin channel proteins that allow large molecules (sugars, proteins) into the mitochondria.

37
Q

porin

A

pore within a membrane

38
Q

inner membrane

A

impermeable to ions and small molecules. Highly convoluted, forming a series of infoldings called cristae.

39
Q

cristae

A

series of infoldings

40
Q

intermembrane space

A

region between the two membranes. Because the outer membrane is so porous, it is very similar chemically to the cytosol.

41
Q

matrix

A

large internal space created by the inner membrane. Site of the citric acid cycle (Krebs). contains all the enzymes required for the breakdown of sugars.

42
Q

cell respiration

A

electrons derived from the oxidation of food molecules are transferred to a series of electron carrier proteins embedded in the membrane.

43
Q

NADH

A

is an activated carrier that transfers electrons from one step of respiration to another

44
Q

Chemiosmotic coupling

A

uses energy in a H+ gradient to power the formation of ATP.

45
Q

glycolysis

A

takes place in the cytosol. Produces two molecules of the 3-carbon sugar pyruvate from glucose. also genrates 2 ATP and 2 NADH

46
Q

citric acid cycle

A

pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA in the matrix. then Acetyl-CoA goes into CAC and CAC function to oxidize acetyl-CoA generating NADH and FADH2

47
Q

pyruvate

A

3-carbon sugar produced during glycolysis

48
Q

NADH dehydrogenase

A

contains many Fe-S centers, which have relatively low affinity for electrons. complex I of ETC

49
Q

Ubiquinone

A

is a small coenzyme that transfers electrons between NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome C reductase.

50
Q

cytochrome C

A

is a small protein that contains a heme (Fe rich) group that shuttles electrons between the cytochrome C reductase and oxidase complexes.

51
Q

succinate dehydrogenase

A

accepts electrons from FADH2 and passes them to ubiquinone. complex II of ETC.

52
Q

ATP synthase

A

an enzyme that uses the flow of protons across a membrane to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from ADP and phosphate

53
Q

chloroplast

A

where photosynthesis occurs

54
Q

thylakoid

A

where light reaction of photosynthesis take place

55
Q

grana

A

stacks of thylakoids

56
Q

light reactions

A

chloroplasts capture energy of sunlight and uses it to make ATP and NADPH

57
Q

dark reactions/ calvin cycle

A

capture energy converts CO2 into glucose precursors. does not require light.

58
Q

chlorophyll

A

pigment that absorbs light and helps transfer energy from the sun.

59
Q

antenna complex

A

an array of proteins that contain thousand of chlorophyll and pigment molecules

60
Q

reaction center

A

where the energy from the sun is used to energize electrons

61
Q

special pair

A

specific pair of chlorophyll molecules located at the core of a photosystem, acting as the primary electron donor in the light-dependent reactions

62
Q

photosystem

A

the antenna complex and reaction center together

63
Q

photosystem II

A

feeds electrons to an ETC that powers the pumping of protons into the thylakoid space.

64
Q

photosystem I

A

after photosystem II. a protein complex in the thylakoid

65
Q

plastocyanin

A

a blue copper-containing protein found in plants that act as an electron carrier in the photosynthetic ETC.

66
Q

Water splitting enzyme (OEC)

A

Oxygen evolving complex. a protein complex contains a water-splitting enzyme that holds two water molecules and extracts electrons one at a time.

67
Q

Plastoquinone

A

a molecule found in plants that acts as an electron carrier within the ETC

68
Q

ferredoxin

A

iron-sulfur proteins that transport electrons in many metabolic reactions. transfer electrons to ferredoxin NADP reductase, which will reduce the activated carried NADPH

69
Q

NADPH

A

electron donor. used to power the production of sugars from atoms derived from CO2 and H2O.

70
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

the process by which living organisms convert CO2 from the atmosphere into organic compounds

71
Q

Rubisco

A

the enzyme that combines CO2 with RuBP

72
Q

RuBP

A

primary acceptor of carbon dioxide during the Calvin cycle

73
Q

G3P

A

the precursor to glucose and helps regenerate RuBP.

cell bio (2 decks)

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