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Neuro 4100: Basic and Clinical Foundations of Neurological Disease > UNIT 4 Study Guide > Flashcards

UNIT 4 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

The primary input to the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum comes from the:

A

Vestibular Nuclei

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2
Q

Neurons in the pontine nuclei project mainly to …..

A

the lateral hemisphere.

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3
Q

Neurons in the spinal cord project to…..

A

the vermis and medial hemisphere.

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4
Q

The Red Nucleus receives input from …..

A

the interposed and dentate nuclei.

*The Red Nucleus does not project to the cerebellum.

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5
Q

In the cerebellum:

A

Purkinje cells inhibit neurons in the cerebellar nuclei

Nuclear neurons excite neurons in their brainstem targets

If they did, they would inhibit them as they are GABAergic

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6
Q

Granule Cells and Purkinje Cells…

A

excite Purkinje cells via parallel fibers.

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7
Q

Do Purkinje cells project to granule cells?

A

NO!

Purkinje cells do not project to (synapse on) granule cells.
If they did, they would inhibit them as they are GABAergic.

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8
Q

Nuclear neurons ……

A

excite neurons in their brainstem targets

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9
Q

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to cerebellar circuity?

A

The axons of neurons in the Interposed Nuclei synapse on neurons in the Red Nucleus

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10
Q

Climbing fibers synapse on ….

A

Purkinje cells

not granule cells!

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11
Q

Purkinje cells in the vermis project to….

A

the fastigial nucleus

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12
Q

Do the axons of Purkinje cells leave the cerebellum?

A

NO!

The axons of Purkinje cells do not leave the cerebellum.

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13
Q

The axons of neurons in the ___ and ___ project to the thalamus.

A

dentate and interposed nuclei

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14
Q

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to the cerebellar peduncles?

A

The superior cerebellar peduncle crosses in the midbrain

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15
Q

The primary excitatory input to the globus pallidus internal (GPi) segment is from the:

A

Subthalamus

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16
Q

Do neurons in the cerebral cortex project to GPi?

A

NO!

Neurons in the cerebral cortex do not project to GPi

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17
Q

Neurons in the putamen are ___ergic and are _____.

A

Neurons in the putamen are GABAergic and are inhibitory

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18
Q

Does the SNpr project to GPi?

A

NO!!

The SNpr does not project to GPi. Also

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19
Q

SNpr neurons are ______

A

these neurons are GABAergic

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20
Q

Dopamine inhibits neurons in the striatum expressing the ______________dopamine receptor.

A

Type 2.

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21
Q

Dopamine ____ cells expressing the type 1 receptor.

A

excites

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22
Q

The primary excitatory input to the subthalamus is from the ____.

A

The primary excitatory input to the subthalamus is from the cerebral cortex.

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23
Q

Do neurons in the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) excite neurons in the subthalamus?

A

NO!!

GPe neurons are GABAergic and inhibit neurons in the subthalamus.

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24
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons that are involved in regulating melatonin release are located in the:

A

Thoracic spinal cord

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25
Q

Dorsal Vagal nucleus contains ____ neurons.

A

preganglionic parasympathetic

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26
Q

Does the hypothalamus contain preganglionic sympathetic neurons?

A

NO!!

The hypothalamus does not contain preganglionic sympathetic neurons.

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27
Q

The superior cervical ganglion contains ____ neurons.

A

postganglionic sympathetic

28
Q

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to feeding circuits in the hypothalamus?

A

Activation of the lateral hypothalamus elicits feeding behavior

29
Q

Increased levels of leptin activate neurons in the ____ that inhibit neurons in the ____

A

Increased levels of leptin activate neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus that inhibit neurons in the Lateral Hypothalamus

30
Q

Afferents activated by gastric distension terminate in the ____

A

Afferents activated by gastric distension terminate in the Nucleus Solitarius

31
Q

Release of ____ occurs when the stomach is empty and induces feeding behavior.

A

Release of ghrelin occurs when the stomach is empty and induces feeding behavior.

32
Q

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to hypothalamic circuitry?

A

The Nucleus Solitarius sends afferents to the hypothalamus that carry sensory information from the viscera.

33
Q

The _____ receives direct input from the retina

A

The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus receives direct input from the retina

34
Q

The lateral hypothalamic nucleus is involved in _____

A

The lateral hypothalamic nucleus is involved in feeding behavior

35
Q

The ____ of the pituitary gland is part of the nervous system

A

The posterior lobe

36
Q

The ____of the pituitary gland is glandular (part of endocrine system)

A

The anterior lobe

37
Q

Name a hormone released by magnocellular neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

A

oxytocin

vasopressin

38
Q

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to the entorhinnal cortex circuitry.

A

The entorhinnal cortex receives afferent connections from association areas of the cerebral cortex.

39
Q

The hippocampus has __ layers

A

3

40
Q

Schaffer collaterals arise from ____ in the ____ region

A

Schaffer collaterals arise from pyramidal cells in the CA3 region

41
Q

The perforant path connects the ____ to the ____.

A

The perforant path connects the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus.

42
Q

Lesions of the amygdala in humans are most likely to cause:

A

Blunted emotional responses

43
Q

PTSD is thought to be related to _____

A

PTSD is thought to be related to an intact amygdala

44
Q

The amygdala is activated by ____ but not in _____ .

A

The amygdala is activated by facial expressions but not in recognizing individuals

45
Q

Persistent feelings of fear and apprehension are related to ____.

A

Persistent feelings of fear and apprehension are related to an intact amygdala.

46
Q

The trisynaptic pathway in the hippocampus is defined as:

A

entorhinal cortex

  • —> dentate gyrus
  • —> CA3 region of hippocampus
  • —> CA1 region of hippocampus
47
Q

The level of consciousness characterized by a sleep-like state with little or no spontaneous activity is called:

A

Stuporous

48
Q

NE neurons are located …

A

in the locus cereuleus

49
Q

_____ neurons increase cortical responsiveness to stimuli (e.g., visual stimuli)

A

Noradrenergic (NE) neurons increase cortical responsiveness to stimuli (e.g., visual stimuli)

50
Q

______ neurons respond to novel stimuli

A

Noradrenergic (NE) neurons respond to novel stimuli

51
Q

During REM sleep, Serotonergic neurons are ….

A

completely silenced

52
Q

During _____ muscle tone in the limbs is abolished.

A

During REM sleep, muscle tone in the limbs is abolished.

53
Q

During non-REM sleep, thalamic neurons are in ____ mode.

A

During non-REM sleep the neurons are in the Burst mode.

54
Q

During REM sleep, thalamic neurons are in ____ .

A

tonic mode

55
Q

____ are most prominent during non-REM sleep

A

Slow waves are most prominent during non-REM sleep

56
Q

As one wakes up the time in slow wave sleep _____.

A

As one wakes up, the time in slow wave sleep decreases.

57
Q

Activation of ____ neurons in the lateral hypothalamus produces arousal or wakefulness.

A

Activation of Orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus produces arousal or wakefulness.

58
Q

Histaminergic neurons excite neurons in the ______.

A

Histaminergic neurons excite neurons in the reticular activating system.

59
Q

_____ cause drowsiness.

A

Antihistamines

60
Q

Neurons in _____ inhibit neurons in the lateral hypothalamus

A

Neurons in the Preoptic area inhibit neurons in the lateral hypothalamus

61
Q

REM sleep is controlled by neurons in the ______.

A

REM sleep is controlled by neurons in the Midbrain Reticular Formation.

62
Q

During REM sleep,

Neurons in the ___ and ___ are excited.

A

locus ceruleus and raphe nuclei

63
Q

During ____ :

An EEG is almost identical to that seen in an awake individual.

A

REM Sleep

64
Q

____ and ____ neurons are inhibited during REM sleep

A

NE and 5HT neurons are inhibited during REM sleep

65
Q

Eye movements are enhanced during ____ sleep

A

Eye movements are enhanced during REM sleep (hence the name - rapid eye movement sleep)

66
Q

During REM sleep,

Motor neurons___ in the ___ are inhibited leading to loss of muscle tone.

A

Motor neurons in the spinal cord are inhibited leading to loss of muscle tone.

Neuro 4100: Basic and Clinical Foundations of Neurological Disease (18 decks)

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