Unit 4 – Solutions Flashcards
what is a solution made up of?
solution = solute + solvent
what is it called when water is the solvent?
an aqueous solution
define solubility
The maximum out of solute that will dissolve in a known amount of solvent
define precipitate
A solid substance it appears when 2 solutions are mixed or
a decreasing solubility
in the Chemical equation the compound with a low solubility is
The precipitate
what happens when in a chemical equation both compounds have a high solubility?
no precipitate occurs
solute formation
there are attractions between
two solute particles
two solvent particles
solute particles and solvent particle
what are the three intermolecular forces?
dipole dipole
London forces
hydrogen bonding
how do you prepare a volumetric flask or Erlenmeyer flask?
Tapwater Then rinse with deionized water
how do you prepare a beaker?
rinse with tap water then deionized water and then dry
how do you prepare a pipette or buret?
rinse with tapwater, deionized water, condition
why do you condition?
The deionized water left in the equipment will dilute the concentration of the solution
define solution and example
A homogeneous mixture (one phase) that is uniform throughout (looks like a pure substance)
example air oxygen nitrogen brass copper and zinc
Element
A pure substance that is composed of one kind of atom listed on the periodic table example H
compound
two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions example H2O
mixture
A mixture is made up of two or more different kinds of particles
solution and example
A homogeneous mixture (only one phase) that is uniform throughout (looks like a pure substance) example air 02, N2 and brass (copper zinc)
mechanical mixture
A heterogeneous mixture (has two or more phases)
example oil and water
phase
a visibly distinct region
what are the three types of percentage concentration?
percent v/v
percent w/v
percent w/w
what is the formula for percent volume volume
mL of solute over 100 mL of solution
what is the percentage concentration formula of weight weight?
grams of solute over 100 g of solution
what is the equation for parts per million?
units of solute over 1,000,000 units of solution
high solubility
can form a solution with the concentration of greater than or equal to 0.1 moles per litre
Low solubility
The solute cannot form a solution with the concentration of 0.1 moles per litre
what makes a solute dissolve or not dissolve?
The attractions between two solute particles
to solvent particles
solute particle solvent particle
The stronger the attraction the lower the solubility
d
what happens during Dipole Dipole?
there is an attractive force between oppositely charged ends of polar molecules
what happens during London forces?
it is in all molecules
one electron suddenly moves to one side of the Atom
what happens during hydrogen bonding?
hydrogen bonding occurs in Atoms with high electronegativity values and a slightly positive hydrogen (F, O, N)
if it did not occur all water on earth would be a gas
electrolytes
when ionic compounds are dissolved, they form conducting solutions because their ions (charged particles) are able to move around and therefore conduct electricity
water as a solvent
since water is a polar molecule it can easily break apart other molecular bonds
water molecules have such strong bonds to each other because of hydrogen bonding
Arsenious theory and properties of acids
an acid is a compound that ionizes in water to form hydrogen ions
it has a low pH
and produces H plus ions
strong acids
they have a high electrical conductivity and high percentage I nitration greater than 99% example HCl
what is the most dangerous part about acids?
The strength or concentration of the acid
Arrhenius Theory and properties of a base
The base is an ionic hydroxide that dissociates in water to produce hydroxide ion’s
high pH
dissociate to produce OH negative ions
what is the formula for pH?
pH=-log [1x H^+]
what is the formula for [H^+]?
[H^+]= 10^-pH
acid-base titration
A neutralization reaction which produces water and a salt
there are no excess reactants means equivalence point has been reached
endpoint is when colour changes
titration
A common laboratory technique used to determine the concentration of substances in solution
preparation of solutions therefore statement
Dissolve _______g _______ in deionized water and dilute up to _______mL of solution in the volumetric flask
preparation of solutions question
from solid and more concentrated solution
practice titration question
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