UNIT 4 SCIENCE TEST PRACTICE Flashcards
integumentary system
provides a protective covering for the body and aids in eliminating wastes
homeostasis
the maintenance of a stable internal body environment
body systems
composed of tissues and organs which carry out one or more functions in the body
body movement
the result of the work of antagonistic pairs of muscles working within the skeletal system
endocrine system
made up of various glands that secrete hormones
Pituitary gland
It is the one that secretes the hormones. It also simulates growth and sexual development.
hypothalamus
It is a gland in the brain that controls the release of the hormones from the pituitary gland.
Pineal gland
It is in the brain, produces hormones essential in the control of sleep, aging, reproduction, and body temperature.
Thyroid
It produces hormones that control your metabolism.
Parathyroid
It is a gland that controls your metabolism.
Hormones in reproductive organs
These hormones control reproduction.
Endocrine glands
These include the pancreas and adrenal. The pancreas regulates blood sugar levels and the adrenal glands control the body’s fight or flight response in dangerous situations.
hormones
chemical messengers
digestive system
breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
circulatory system
transports gases, nutrients, and wastes around the bod
tendon
connect skeletal muscle to bone
ligament
band of tissue that connect bones over moveable joints
cartilage
soft, flexible tissue padding joints
bone
complex living structure that contain nerves and blood vessels
joint
place where two or more bones meet
muscle
a body tissue that can contract and relax
osteoporosis
condition in which bone tissue is loosely packed and bones become weak
arthritis
condition in which the joints swell and become stiff and painful
respiratory system
the main function is to take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
lungs
the main organ of the respiratory system
blood
body tissue made up of many types of cells suspended in a yellowish liquid
hemoglobin
a protein which binds oxygen to the blood cell
plasma
the yellowish liquid in blood that contains salts, proteins, nutrients, and wastes
circulatory system
helps move oxygen, nutrients, and other important substances to every cell in the body
atria
the upper chambers of the heart
ventricles
the lower chambers of the heart
lymphatic system
produces, stores, and circulates white blood cells
cardiovascular system
includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood
enzymes
proteins that speed up chemical reactions and help turn food particles into simple molecules
kidneys
filter toxins and waste from the blood
nephrons
millions of tiny filtering units inside each kidney
excretory system
removes cellular wastes from the body through the lungs, skin, and the urinary system
digestive system
converts food into fuel and helps get rid of solid waste
liver
makes bile, which breaks fats into simpler molecules
gland
A group of cells that make special chemicals for the body.
Nervous system
It is the structure that controls the actions and the reactions of the body in response to stimuli from the environment.
Parts of the nervous system
Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system.
Central nervous system
It is made up of the brain is the central command organ and the spinal cord allows your brain to communicate with the rest of your body.
Peripheral nervous system.
The PNS connects to the CNS to the rest of your body.
Parts of Peripheral nervous system.
The sensory and the motor part.
Involuntary
It means that the brain controls and you have no control. Example, your heart, blood pressure, body temperature and so forth.
Voluntary
Actions of your brain you can control.
Brain
It has three parts, Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Brain stem.
Cerebrum
Is where you think and solve problems, and is where most of your memories are stored. It controls everything that is voluntary. That includes, touch, sight, taste and so forth
Cerebellum
It processes information from your body. It actually keeps track of your body positions and your movements.
Brain stem
The brain stem connects your brain to your spinal cord. The medullas is part of the brain stem. It controls involuntary processes.
Spinal Cord
It is made up of bundles of nerves.
Nerves
It is a collection of nerve cells extension bundled together with blood vessels and connective tissue.
Neuron
It is a cell that moves messages in the form of fast-moving electrical energy.
Glial
This cells do not transmit nerve impulses, but they protect and support neurons.
Sensory Neurons
It gathers information from in and around your body and sends it to your brain.
Motor Neurons
They move impulses from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body.
Dendrite
It is usually short, branched extension of the cells body.
Axon
Neurons are carried away from the cell body by extensions of the neuron, called axon.
Cell Body
Cell Body has a nucleus and organelles.
Eye
It has four major parts, the Cornea, pupil, lens, and the Retina.
Cornea
The front of the eye is covered by a clear membrane called the cornea.
pupil
Light from an object passes through an opening called the pupil.
Lens
Light hits those lens, an oval-shaped piece of clear, curved materials.
Retina
It is a layer of light-sensitive photoreceptor cells that change light into electrical impulses.
Touch
You feel a tap which then produces impulses and then travels to your brain. The brain then makes an awareness called sensation. The sensation could feel, temperature, pain, and so forth.
Ear
The ear has three main parts, the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.
Outer ear
The outer ear receives is were the sound waves are entered.
The middle ear
It lets the sound waves enter through. There , the sound waves make the eardrum vibrate.
Inner ear
The last thing that sound waves have to go through are coclea.
Cochlea
Is fluid-filled organ of the inner ear.
Hair cells
These Sensory receptors move about in the fluid.
Taste buds
These contain clusters of taste cells that respond to signals in dissolved molecules in food.
Taste cells
Taste cells react to five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory.
Nose
Your nose is a sense for smell. Receptors for smell are located in the upper part of your nasal cavity.
Sensory receptors
These Sensory receptors are called olfactory cells that react to chemicals in the air.
Endocrine system
It helps controls body functions and contains homoeostasis by producing hormones.
Hormone
It is a chemical messenger made in one cell or tissue that causes a change in another cell or tissue in a different part of the body.
Gland
It is a group of cells that make special chemicals for your body.
How are hormone levels controlled?
The endocrine system does this by increasing or decreasing the amount hormones in the bloodstream, some of which may have opposite effects on body cells. Such a process is called a feedback mechanism.
Two types of feedback mechanisms
positive and negative
Negative feedback mechanisms
In negative feedback, the effects of a hormone in the body cause the release of that hormone to be turned down. For example, when you eat food, your blood sugar levels go up. Insulin is released and blood sugar levels are lowered.
Positive feedback
effects of a hormone stimulates release of more of that hormone. For example, the hormone oxytocin stimulates contractions of the uterus.
