Unit 4 return of the organic chemistry Flashcards
Saturated
Contain single carbon-carbon bonds only
Unsaturated
Contains a C=C double bond
Molecular formula
The formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom
what are Homologous series
are families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula.
•They show a gradual change in physical properties (e.g. boiling point).
• Each member differs by CH2
from the last.
• same chemical properties.
Functional group
is an atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules
causes them to have similar chemical properties.
what is the functional group of an alcohol?
A carbon bonded to a OH.
What is the functional group of an aldehyde?
A carbon double bonded to oxygen, single bond to hydrogen, one more bond.
What is the functional group of a ketone.
A carbon double bonded to an oxygen with 2 spare bonds.
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
carbon double bonded to oxygen, single bond to OH, one spare bond.
What is the functional group of nitriles?
carbon triple bonded to nitrogen with one spare bond.
What is the functional group of amines?
carbon boned to NH2 with 3 spare bonds.
what is the functional group for esters?
A carbon double bonded to an oxygen. one spare bond and one to an oxygen which also has one spare bond.
what is the functional group for amides?
A carbon double bonded to an oxygen, and a NH2 whith one spare bond.
Structural isomers
same molecular formula different structures (or structural formulae)
Chain isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton
position isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to
different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton
Functional group isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranges to give different
functional groups
Stereoisomerism
have the same structural formulae
but have a different spatial arrangement of atoms
what are the 2 types of stereo-isomerism?
geometrical (E- Z isomerism) and optical
isomerism
why do E/Z isomers exist?
restricted rotation about the C=C bond
how is priority chosen when deciding on E/Z isomers?
the one with the larger Ar gets priority.
when does optical isomerisation occur?
Optical isomerism occurs in carbon compounds with 4
different groups of atoms attached to a carbon (called
an asymmetric carbon).
If a carbon atom has four different groups attached to it, what is it called?
a chiral (asymmetric) carbon atom
how does optical isomerisation occur?
The 4 different groups are the mirror images of each other. They will have similar chemical and physical property’s but will rotate light in different directions by the same amount.