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Physiology III - Freedman > Unit 4: Renal Physiology Pt 1 > Flashcards

Unit 4: Renal Physiology Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of organ is the kidney?

A

Excretory
Regulatory
Endocrine

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2
Q

How are the kidneys excretory organs?

A
  • excrete harmful substances

- excrete things that are in excess

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3
Q

How are the kidneys regulatory organs?

A
  • maintain constant volume
  • maintain constant composition
  • regulate pH
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4
Q

How are the kidneys endocrine organs?

A

synthesizes and secretes at least three major hormones

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5
Q

What are the three major hormones the kidney synthesizes and secretes?

A
  1. Rening
  2. Erythropoietin
  3. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (aka Calcitriol)
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6
Q

What does renin that is secreted by the kidney, stimulate?

A

stimulates angiotensin II formation and aldosterone secretion

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7
Q

What does Erythropoietin that is secreted by the kidney, stimulate?

A

stimulates production of RBCs

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8
Q

What effect does calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) have?

A

widespread effects including Ca++ absorption from the GI tract
- enhances immune function

(will increase Ca++ and Phosphate in ECF)

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9
Q

What is the role of the renal system? (8)

A
  1. Filtration, reabsorption, Secretion, Excretion
  2. Water/electrolyte balance
  3. pH regulation (HCO3-)
  4. Control of circulating volume (BP control)
  5. Hormone secretion (renin, erythropoitin, calcitriol)
  6. site of hormone action
  7. gluconeogenesis
  8. dopamine production
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10
Q

What does the kidney excrete for us?

A

Rid body of water soluble wastes

  • urea
  • creatine
  • uric acid
  • other water soluble metabolites

Eliminate toxins and foreign substances

  • drugs
  • pesticides
  • additives
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11
Q

What organ makes things more water soluble and therefore capable of being secreted?

A

the liver

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12
Q

What do the kidneys keep electrolyte balance of?

A

water intake = water output
sodium intake = sodium output
sodium/potassium balance

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13
Q

Does the kidney have a role in glucose regulation?

A

yes

  • reabsorption of virtually all
  • uptake of glucose for its own needs
  • gluconeogenesis
  • glycogenolysis
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14
Q

In general, do we excrete or reabsorb most glucose? Where does this occur?

A

reabsorb most glucose in Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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15
Q

Does the kidney uptake glucose for its own Energy needs dependent or independent of insulin?

A

independent of insulin

“BRICKLE”

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16
Q

Can the kidney perform gluconeogenesis? If so, from what? When would this be more active?

A

yes; create glucose from:

  • A.A.s (alanine)
  • glycerol
  • lactate

during periods of prolonged fasting

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17
Q

Where are the kidneys located when standing? What space are they in?

A

L1-L4

in retroperitoneal space = space behind the peritoneum

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18
Q

What does the Medulla of the kidney contain?

A
  • 8-10 renal pyramids (top is called papilla)
  • major calyces
  • minor calyces
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19
Q

What contracts in order to propel urine to bladder?

A

calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter

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20
Q

What type of innervation does the kidney receive? How does it get to the kidney?

A

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers from T10-L2

Sympathetic postganlgionic fibers to kidney via Renal Plexus

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21
Q

What do the sympathetic postganglionic fibers project to in the kidney?

A

individual nephrons

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22
Q

What will SNS stimulation have on the nephrons? What will this cause?

A
  • signals for CONSTRICTION of arterioles–> therefore decrease filtration rate and decrease urinary output
  • can also signal kidney to: increase Na+ reabsorption and increase renin release
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23
Q

What effect does SNS stimulation have on renin?

A

causes renin release–> stimulate RAAS–> (causes aldosterone release at the end which will tell kidney to take in more Na+, therefore bring H2O with and increase BP)

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24
Q

What percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys use at rest?

A

22%

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25
Q

What makes the blood flow of the kidneys unique?

A

2 sets of capillary beds and 2 sets of arterioles in series

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26
Q

List the arterial blood flow of the kidney starting from the renal artery.

A 
renal artery
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
cortical radial arteries
afferent arterioles
glomerular capillaries
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
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27
Q

What do afferent arterioles give rise to? What do efferent arterioles give rise to?

A

glomerular capillaries (drained by efferent arterioles)

peritubular capillaries

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28
Q

What capillaries of the kidney is where filtraiton takes place? What about reabsorption and secretion?

A

filtration –> at glomerular capillaries

reabsorption–> at peritubular capillaries

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29
Q

What keeps glomerular capillary filtration pressure constant?

A

efferent arteriole

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30
Q

What type of pressure does the Glomerular capillaries have? What about the Peritubular capillaries? Why?

A

Glomerular–> high hydrostatic pressure (45 mmHg); causes rapid fluid filtration*

Peritubular–> lower hydrostatic pressure (13 mmHg); allows for rapid fluid reabsorption*

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31
Q

List the order of blood flow out of the kidney beginning with the peritubular capillaries.

A 
peritubular capillaries
interlobar vein
arcuate vein
interlobar vein
renal vein
32
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney? About how many are in each kidney?

A

the nephron; ~800,000 - 1,000,000

33
Q

What are the two types of nephrons? Which do we have more of? Where are their glomerulus located?

A
  1. Cortical Nephron (85%); glomerulus higher in cortex

2. Juxtamedullary nephron (15%); glomerulus closer to medulla

34
Q

What makes the Juxtamedullary nephron different than the Cortical nephron?

A
  • glomerulus closer to medulla (instead of high up in cortex)
  • sig. longer Loop of Henle
  • penetrates deeper into medulla
  • capable of concentrating urine*
  • associated with Vasa recti
35
Q

What nephron is capable of concentrating urine?

A

Juxtamedullary nephron (only ~15% of nephrons)

36
Q

T/F. We can regenerate new nephrons.

A

false

37
Q

What what age is there a decrease in our number of nephrons? What is the measure of the decrease?

A

after ~ 40 years old there is a decrease

~ 10% loss every 10 years

38
Q

What percentage of original number of nephrons can we get by with to survive and before kidney failure occurs?

A

25%

you will die of something else before you die of losing nephrons

39
Q

What are the Glomerular capillaries encased inside?

A

Bowman’s capsule

40
Q

What is the order that fluid is filtered from the glomerular capillaries to the ureter?

A 
Bowman's capsule-->
proximal tubule-->
loop of Henle-->
distal tubule-->
connecting tubule-->
collecting duct-->
renal pelvis--> and out
41
Q

What type of muscle is the urinary bladder and what are the two main parts?

A

smooth muscle

  1. Body–> primary part of bladder where urine collects
  2. Neck–> passes inf. and ant. from body and attaches to urethra
42
Q

What is the muscle in the bladder? What type of muscle is it made out of? How are the fibers arranged?

A

Detrusor mucles; smooth muscle of the bladder

fibers intertwined

43
Q

Does the Detrusor muscle have a low or high resistance to electrical impulses? What does this allow for?

A

Low-resistance to electrical impulses b/w ms cells

- action potential can spread quickly–> and whole bladder contracts at once

44
Q

What will the contraction of the Detrusor muscle increase the pressure by?

A

by 40-60 mmHg

45
Q

What is found on the posterior wall of the bladder? What enters at the upper part? What is the surface of it?

A

the Trigone

  • ureters enter bladder at upper trigone
  • Surface: smooth ms (other pt of bladder is folded rugae)
46
Q

How do the ureters enter the bladder? Do they remain open?

A

obliquely through detrusor muscle and penetrates 1-2 cm through detrusor and mucosa

no, tone of detrusor muscle shuts down the ureters–> preventing backflow of urine

47
Q

What is the posterior part of the urethra called? What it is composed of?

A 
Bladder Neck
Composed of:
- detrusor muscle
- elastic tissue 
- internal sphincter
48
Q

What type of muscle is the internal sphincter of the urinary tract? What does it prevent?

A

smooth muscle under INvoluntary control

prevents emptying of bladder until pressure rises above the critical threshold

49
Q

What does the urethra pass through?

What is the external sphincter muscle made up of?

A

urogenital diaphragm

skeletal muscle–> under voluntary control (can consciously contract to prevent urination)

50
Q

What innervates the urinary bladder?

A
  • Pudendal nerve
  • Sympathetic innervation
  • Pelvic nerves
  • Sensory and Motor nerve fibers
51
Q

What innervates the external bladder sphincter? What type of control is this under?

A

Pudendal nerve; somatic nerve fibers; under voluntary control

52
Q

What does the urinary bladder receive sympathetic innervation through? What does this stimulate?

A

via hypogastric nerve (L2)

blood supply to bladder

53
Q

How does the urinary bladder receive its Pelvic Nerve innervation?

A

through the sacral plexus

- S2,S3 cord segments

54
Q

What do the sensory and motor fibers to the urinary bladder do?

A

sensory–> detect stretch of bladder wall

parasympathetic motor fibers–> innervate the Detrusor muscle

55
Q

What innervates the Detrusor muscle?

A

parasympathetic motor fibers

56
Q

What is the flow of urine starting at the nephron.

A 
Nephron-->
collecting ducts-->
renal calyces-->
ureters-->
bladder
57
Q

When urine flows from the collecting ducts to the renal calyces, what does this cause?

A

peristaltic contractions that occur in the renal pelvis and ureters–> which forces urine from the kidneys to the bladder

58
Q

What innervates the ureters? What type of muscle are they?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

smooth visceral muscle

59
Q

What causes the ureters to increase in contraction? What about decrease?

A

increase–> due to parasympathetic stimulation (pee)

decrease–> with sympathetic stimulation (store)

60
Q

What type of fibers do the ureters contain? What happens if there is a kidney stone?

A

a lot of PAIN fibers–> if severe pain due to kidney stone:

Ureterorenal Reflex occurs

61
Q

What occurs in when the Ureterorenal Reflex occurs?

A

Due to severe pain from kidney stone:

  • Reflex constriction occurs
  • Sympathetic reflex occurs back to the kidney
  • -> constrict the renal arterioles
  • -> decreases flow of fluid into the kidney with a blocked ureter
62
Q

What is the process of urinary bladder emptying when it is filled?

A

micturition

63
Q

What are the steps to getting the bladder to empty?

A
  1. Bladder progressively fills–> tension on bladder walls raises above a threshold level
  2. Micturition Reflex–> Nervous Reflex
  3. Urge to Urinate–> external sphincter under voluntary control
  4. Bladder empties
64
Q

What controls the Micturition reflex?

A

ANS–> coordinated by centers in the midbrain

65
Q

What part of the NS predominates when the bladder is filling? What happens to the detrusor ms and internal sphincter?

A

SNS control (“stores”)

  • relaxation of detrusor muscle (beta2)
  • contraction of internal sphincter (alpha1)

(external sphincter closed by trained voluntary action)

66
Q

What senses a full bladder? Where does this signal get sent?

A

sensed by mechanoreceptors (stretch receptors) in bladder wall–> spinal cord –> brain stem

67
Q

What part of NS is stimulated to empty the bladder?

A

PSNS control (“pee”)

  • contraction of detrusor muscle will increase pressure in bladder
  • relaxation of internal sphincter (urge to urinate)

(recall: voluntary control to relax external sphincter)

68
Q

What gives us the urge to urinate?

A

relaxation of the internal sphincter by the PSNS

69
Q

What is initiated as the bladder fills with urine? What does this cause?

A

Sensory stretch receptors (mechanoreceptors) –> micturition contractions

  • vary in length of contraction and intensity
  • generally increases as more urine added to bladder
70
Q

What do we call the term for how the Micturition reflex causes initial contracture of the detrusor muscle which causes further activation of the stretch receptors?

A

Self-regenerative

  • further increase in reflex contraction
  • this cycle repeats multiple times
  • will being to fatigue and bladder relaxes
71
Q

What happens to the Micturition Reflex is the bladder is not emptied? What happens as the bladder continues to fill?

A

reflex is inhibited for minutes or hours

continues to fill–> increase in frequency of micturition reflex and intensity of it

72
Q

What happens as the Micturition reflex increases? Where does the reflex pass?

A

reflex passes through Pudendal Nerve –> to the external sphincter

then voluntary Relaxation of external sphincter–> and urination occurs

73
Q

Where are centers located that can facilitate or inhibit urination?

A

in the pons and cerebral cortex –> usually have FINAL control of micturition

74
Q

How do the Pons and cerebral cortex impact the micturition reflex while we do not have the desire to urinate? How do they effect the external bladder sphincter?

A

keep micturition reflex partially inhibited

ext. bladder sphincter is kept tonic contraction

75
Q

What do the Pons and cerebral cortex do when urination is desired?

A

cause concurrent micturition reflex and relaxation of external bladder sphincter

76
Q

What occurs during voluntary urination of the Micturition reflex?

A
  1. contraction of abd. ms
  2. increase pressure in bladder
  3. increase urine that enters bladder neck (stretch walls and stimulate stretch receptors–initiate micturition reflex)
  4. empties all (or most) of urine from bladder

Physiology III - Freedman (18 decks)

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