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Physiology III - Freedman > Unit 2: Circulation Pt1 > Flashcards

Unit 2: Circulation Pt1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the systemic circulation?

A

to deliver adequate oxygen nutrients to systemic tissues and remove CO2 and other waste products form the systemic tissue

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2
Q

T/F. Systemic circulation can act as a conduit for transport of hormones, and other substances and allows these substances to potentially act at a distant site from their production.

A

True

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3
Q

What are systemic arteries designed to do?

A

to carry oxygenated blood under high pressure out to tissue beds

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4
Q

What are the 5 functional parts of the circulation system?

A
  1. systemic arteries
  2. arterioles and pre capillary sphincters
  3. capillaries
  4. venules
  5. systemic veins
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5
Q

What collects blood from capillaries?

A

venules

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6
Q

What is the functional unit of circulation and is one cell layer thick and is where exchange b/w tissues (cells) and blood occurs?

A

capilaries

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7
Q

What act as control valves to regulate local flow?

A

arterioles and pre capillary sphincters

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8
Q

What are the three things included in micro-circulation?

A
  • arterioles and pre capillary sphincters
  • capillaries
  • venules
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9
Q

What percentage of blood is on the venous sides at any give time?

A

65%

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10
Q

What returns the blood to heart/dynamic storage?

A

systemic veins

superior vena cava, inf. vena cava, coronary sinus

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11
Q

What is blood flow proportional to?

A

metabolic flow

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12
Q

What controls cardiac output?

A

local systemic tissue flow (venous return)

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13
Q

T/F. Arterial pressure fluctuates drastically.

A

False– it is kept relatively CONSTANT

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14
Q

What is arterial pressure independent of? What is arterial pressure control based on?

A

local flow or cardiac output

Based on:

  • neural control (brain)
  • volume control (kidney)
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15
Q

Characteristically wise, what does the wall of a capillary consist of?

A

only endothelium

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16
Q

Characteristically wise, what does the wall of the aorta consist of?

A

Elastic tissue > Fibrous tissue > smooth muscle

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17
Q

What is the one layers in vessel walls that exists in ALL vessels?

A

endothelium

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18
Q

Characteristically wise, what does the wall of a typical artery consist of?

A

Smooth muscle > elastic tissue > fibrous tissue

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19
Q

Characteristically wise, what does the wall of a vein consist of?

A

elastic tissue = smooth muscle = fibrous tissue

–equal amounts of all

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20
Q

What is Ohm’s Law?

A

V = IR

analogous to change in P = FR —–or—– F = (change in P)/R

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21
Q

What is the volume of blood that passes a certain point per unit of time?

A

Flow (F); eg. ml/min

“Q” – can also = Flow

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22
Q

What are two equations for Flow?

A

F = velocity X cross sectional area

F = Pressure gradient/ R

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23
Q

At a given Flow, the velocity is ______ proportional to the total cross sectional area.

A

inversely

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24
Q

Flow is directly proportional to ____ and inversely proportional to _____.

A

Directly–> to pressure gradient (change in P)

Inversely–> (R) resistance

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25
Q

What is the driving force of blood and is the difference in pressure b/w two points?

A

Pressure gradient

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26
Q

What is the pressure gradient proportional to?

A

Flow (F)

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27
Q

Where does the greatest resistance to flow occur?*

A

in the pre-capillary resistance vessels:

  • arterioles
  • metarterioles
  • precapillary sphincters
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28
Q

At a give F (flow rate) the greater the drop in P in a segment or compartment will cause what?*

A

greater the resistance to flow

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29
Q

In a parallel circuit how do you get the Total Resistance?

A

find lowest number in resistance and go below it

Total resistance < smallest ind. R

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30
Q

In a series circuit, how do you find the Total Resistance?

A

= sum of ind. R’s

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31
Q

What type of circuit is the systemic circulation, predominantly?*

A

parallel circuit

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32
Q

What are some advantages to parallel circuitry?

A
  • independence of local flow control
  • minimizes TPR (total peripheral resistance)
  • oxygen rich blood supply to every tissue
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33
Q

In parallel circuitry, how is local flow controlled?

A

independently–> increase/decrease flow to tissues independently

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34
Q

What type of circuit is the pulmonic and systemic circulations in? How would one calculate the Total Vascular Resistance (TVR)?

A

series; TVR = sum of total pulmonic resistance + the total peripheral resistance (TPR)

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35
Q

What is the internal friction of a fluid associated with the intermolecular attraction?

A

viscosity

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36
Q

What is the viscosity of blood? Plasma? Water?

A

Blood –> 3
Plasma –> 1.5
Water–> 1

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37
Q

T/F. Water has 3x viscosity than blood. (is thicker)

A

False– blood is 3x more thicker than water

Blood –> 3
Water–> 1

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38
Q

What is the relationship b/w viscosity and velocity in blood?

A

viscosity is inversely proportional to velocity (speed)

  • -blood moving slower = thicker
    • blood moving fast = thinner
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39
Q

At micro-circulation, as velocity decreases what happens to viscosity? Why?

A

viscosity increases; due to elements in blood sticking together

40
Q

What effect does fibrinogen have on RBC’s? How does age correlate?

A

increase flexibility of RBC’s

–increase age may decrease flexibility of RBC’s and therefore may be why older inds have decreased circulation

41
Q

T/F. In small vessels cells line up which decreases viscosity and offsets the fact that velocity decrease will increases viscosity.

A

True (thank you Fahaeus-Lindquist)

42
Q

What is the percent of packed cell volume? What is the normal range? What if it is below normal range?

A

Hematocrit (primarily is RBCs)

Normal Range = 38%-45%

Below–> means decrease in RBCs– maybe they are anemic

43
Q

What type of flow pattern is considered normal?

A

Laminar

44
Q

What type of flow pattern is most efficient?

A

laminar

45
Q

What type of flow patterns is silent and streamline?

A

laminar

46
Q

What type of flow pattern has cross mixing and vibrational noise?

A

turbulent flow (least efficient)

47
Q

What type of flow pattern is frequently ass. with vessel disease (bruit)?

A

turbulent flow

48
Q

What is the probability statement for turbulent flow? If this number is higher, what does that mean for turbulence?

A

Reynold’s number; greater the R number, the greater the probability for turbulence

49
Q

If Reynold’s Number < 2000 flow is usually _______.

If Reynold’s Number > 3000 flow is usually ____.

A

laminar

turbulent

**notice it says USUALLY—> it is NOT definitely

50
Q

What is the equation for Reynold’s number?

A

Reynold’s number = (velocity x tube diameter x density) / viscosity

51
Q

What is the ultrasound used to determine velocity of flow? How does it work?

A

Doppler Ultrasonic Flow-meter

RBC’s moving toward transmitter, compress sound waves, increase frequency of returning waves

52
Q

A broad band Doppler reading is indicative of what type of flow?

A

turbulent flow

53
Q

A narrow band Doppler reading is indicative of what type of flow?

A

laminar flow

54
Q

What two things can be used to determine Cardiac Output?

A
  1. Fick Principal

2. Indicator dilution

55
Q

What two tings can be used for Determination or Flow?

A
  1. Determination of Cardiac Output

2. Determination of Vessel flow

56
Q

What does the Fick Principal measure?

A

blood flow to a tissue/organ

57
Q

What are the three necessary components to calculate the Fick Principal and measure the blood flow to a tissue/organ? Ex: measuring oxygen

A
  1. input blood conc. of oxygen
  2. output blood conc. of oxygen
  3. addition/removal of oxygen from tissue (uptake of O2)
58
Q

What it comes to the Fick Principal, what is Flow equal to?

A

= amount of substance per min / Artery-Vein difference

59
Q

(Fick Principal)

What does the Pulmonary Blood Flow (PBF) equal?

A

= O2 uptake / AV O2 difference

PBF = CO

60
Q

What is the relationship b/w Pulmonary Blood Flow (PBF) and Cardiac Output (CO)?

A

they are equal

PBF = CO

61
Q

(Fick Principal) Ex:

if VO2 = 160 ml/L and AO2 = 200 ml/L and the O2 uptake is 200 ml/min. What is the Pulmonary Blood Flow (PBF)?

A

PBF = = O2 uptake / AV O2 difference

PBF = 200 ml/min // (200ml/L - 160ml/L)

PBF = 200 ml/min // 40ml/L

PBF = 5 L/min

62
Q

What is the gold standard of flow determination? What is it based on?

A

Indicator Dilution; based on conservation of mass

CO is inversely proportional to average duration of the curve (dye concentration)

63
Q

If the Indicator dilution curve average duration increased, what happens to CO?

A

CO will decrease

(they are inversely proportional)–

64
Q

What is the ability of a vessel to stretch?

A

distensibility

65
Q

What is the ability of a vessel to stretch and hold volume?

A

conpliance

66
Q

What is the equation for distensibility?

A

= change in volume / (change in pressure x initial vol.)

67
Q

What is the equation for compliance?

A

= change in volume / change in pressure

= Distensibility x initial vol.

68
Q

What is the relationship b/w volume and pressure?

When volume increases what happens to pressure?

A

change in Vol and change in pressure are proportional

pressure increases too

69
Q

A small change in volume that is associated with a large change in pressure is characteristic of what vascular compartment?

A

systemic arteries

70
Q

A large change in volume that is associated with a small change in pressure is characteristic of what vascular component?

A

systemic veins

71
Q

Wall tone is _______ related to compliance and distensibility.

A

inversely related to

72
Q

Veins are about _____ times more distensible and _____ times more compliant than systemic arteries.

A

8x

24x

73
Q

T/F. Systemic arteries hold less blood under higher pressure, while systemic veins hold more blood under lower pressure.

A

True (therefore why veins are more compliant)

74
Q

How is local blood flow regulated?

A

in proportion to metabolic demand in most tissues

75
Q

What is involved in short term control of blood flow to a tissue?

A

vasodilation, vasoconstriction of pre-capillary resistant vessels (aterioles, metarterioles, pre-capillary sphincters)

76
Q

What is involved in long term control of blood flow to tissues?

A

involves changes in tissue vascularity

  • formation (angiogenesis) or dissolution of vessels
  • vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenin peptides
77
Q

What will vasoconstrict an arteriole vessel?

A

SNS releasing NE onto an alpha- receptor that is on vessel wall

78
Q

Vasodilation will do what to Resistance and Flow?

Vasoconstriction will do what to Resistance and Flow?

A

Vasodilation–> decrease R; and increase F

Vasoconstriction –> increase R; and decrease F

79
Q

What is the Local vasodilatior theory?

A

active tissue release local vasodilator (metabolites) which relax vascular smooth muscle

(**newer theory)

80
Q

What is the Oxygen demand theory?

A

as tissue uses up oxygen, vascular smooth muscle cannot maintain constriction

(older theory)

81
Q

What are some local vasodilators?

A
  • Adenosine
  • CO2
  • adenosine phosphate compounds
  • histamine
  • K+ and H+
  • PGE and PGI series prostaglandins
  • CO and NO
82
Q

Why is autoregulation important for blood vessels?

A
  • ability to keep blood flow (F) constant in face of changing arterial BP
  • most tissues show some degree of autoregulation (RoA = Range of Autoregulation)
  • flow is proportional to metabolic demand
83
Q

What is autoregulated in the kidney?

A

renal flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

84
Q

What is production of new micro-vessels called?

A

angiogenesis

85
Q

What is the shear stress caused by enhanced blood flow velocity associated with partial occlusion?

A

arteriogenesis

86
Q

What are small peptides that stimulate growth of new vessels? What is an example?

A

Angiogenic factors

Ex: VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) –> first isolated from tumors

87
Q

What does stress activated endothelium up-regulate expression of?

A

MCP-1 (moncyte chemo attractant protein-1)

  • monocytes invade arterioles–> inflam. occurs
88
Q

What does Hypoxia causes release of? Which stimulates what?

A

VEGF–> stimulates capillary proliferation and maybe collateral arterial vessels
- partial mediated by adenosine

89
Q

T/F. NPY from SNS is angiogenic.

A

True

90
Q

What are three mechanisms for Neovascularization (= new vessels)?

A
  1. Vasculogenesis
  2. Angiogenesis
  3. Arteriogenesis
91
Q

What type of neovascularization is mesenchymal cell differentiate into endothelial cells (de novo development of new blood vessels)?

A

Vasculogenesis

92
Q

What type of neovascularization is formation of new blood vessels by sprouting from pre existing small vessels (usually lacking developed tunica media)?

A

angiogenesis

93
Q

What type of neovascularization is rapid proliferation of pre-existing collateral vessels with fully developed tunica media?

A

arteriogenesis

94
Q

What are three angiogenesis triggers?

A
  1. Mechanical (hemodynamic and shear stress)
  2. Chemical (hypoxia and NO)
  3. Molecular (decrease glucoise leads to increase VEGF); inflam.; angiogenic growth factors
95
Q

What are four Angiogenic growth factors?

A
  • fibroblast growth factor
  • VEGF (VEGF receptors)
  • placenta growth factor (PLGF)
  • angiopoietin
96
Q

What are three methods of Therapeutic angiogenesis?

A
  1. Protein therapy (use of GF proteins)
  2. gene therapy (manipulate gene expression for angiogenic peptides)
  3. cellular therapy (cells that produce angiogenic factors are introduced into ischemic tissues)
97
Q

What is clinical enhancement/promotion of collateral blood vessels/flow in ischemic tissues?

A

Therapeutic angiogenesis

Physiology III - Freedman (18 decks)

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