Unit 4 Quiz Flashcards
Herrnstein says that behaviour is likely to drift toward its essential features. He means by this that only behaviour that is
Required for reinforcement is likely to persist
A key problem in using extinction to weaken a harmful or dangerous behaviour is that
It is slow
Generally speaking, the more intense a punisher, the
More it suppresses behaviour
If Charles Catania’s thinking about reinforcement is applied to punishment, we can say that all of the following are true of punishment except that:
A behaviour must have a consequence
The consequence of the behaviour must be negative
A behaviour must decrease in strength
The decrease in strength must be the result of the behaviours consequence
The consequence of the behaviour must be negative
The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that
Something is added
Each of the following is a self-control technique except
Deprivation, distancing, distraction, distortion
Distortion
John, a very successful professional boxer, fights regularly with formidable opponents. He has often been injured in these fights and knows that he risks sustaining serious brain damage or other permanent injuries, yet he continues to fight. This example illustrates that bizarre behaviour
Is less puzzling when the reinforcers maintaining it are known
Because aberrantly behaviour in people is so often the result of reinforcement from the natural environment, many therapists now routinely do a _____ before beginning treatment
Functional assessment
The first studies of vicarious learning
Failed to find evidence of vicarious learning in animals
Those who are most likely to learn from observing a model are probably
Adults
Presley and Riopelle studied vicarious avoidance learning in monkeys. They found that
The slowest learning observer did as well as the fastest learning model
Studies of learned helplessness use the ______ procedure
Escape training
The Sherry and Galef experiment with milk bottles suggests that
Chickadees learn very well through observation
The self control technique of counting the number of times a behaviour occurs is called
Monitoring
True or false: although punishment can have negative side effects, there is evidence that it can also have positive side effects
True
Chew or false: Kohler thought that insight was achieved suddenly, but other work suggests that it is achieved gradually
True
True or false: extinction increases variability in behavior, and this may be a way of increasing creativity
True
True or false: the Herbert and harsh study found that cats that had observed a model perform 30 times did better than those that had observed a model performed 15 times
True
True or false: abnormal behaviour often persists despite aversive consequences because it also produces reinforcing consequences
True
In using punishment, it is best to begin with a week punisher and gradually increase its strength as needed. True or false
False
Coincidental reinforcement plays an important role in
Superstition
We become good at observing our own behaviour because such observations
Are reinforced
A treatment for phobia that makes use of vicariously learning is called
Participant modelling
Positive and negative punishment have in common that they both ____ the frequency of behaviour
Reduce
One problem with punishment is the tendency to imitate the use of punishment. Two other problems are:
Aggression and abuse
In her work with porpoises, Karen Pryor gradually realized that what she had to do to get a novel behaviour from the animals was to
Reinforce novel behaviour
