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Christian Ethics 20 > Unit 4 - Protestant Reformation > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Protestant Reformation Flashcards

1
Q

What was the theology of glory?

A

The view held by the Catholic Church, that Jesus was the best teacher and miracle worker, and the size of the church proved that it was the true religion

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2
Q

What is the theology of the cross?

A

The belief held by the Lutheran / reform church, that God / Jesus was more with those in need, and that Christianity was a religion focusing on love, grace, and mercy.

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3
Q

What is the difference between law and gospel?

A

Law - requirements

Gospel - message (of Jesus, of God’s grace, etc.)

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4
Q

What is the canon within a canon?

A

Luther’s idea that some books in the Bible are more important than others (ex. Gospel of John, romans, Galatians, Ephesians, 1 Peter, 1 John)

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5
Q

What were the Smalcald Articles? Who wrote them?

A

Written by Luther, the Smalcald Articles were about the Evangelical position - complaints about mass, monastic orders, papacy, and showed Lutheran beliefs.

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6
Q

What are the ways Luther believed God touched people’s lives?

A
  1. Preaching the word
  2. Baptism
  3. Communion
  4. Confessing sends / speaking the truth
  5. Mutual conversation and consolation
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7
Q

What did Luther want with the 95 Theses?

A

To discuss the issues he saw in the church (ex. Indulgences), not to reform

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8
Q

What did Luther see indulgences as? Why did he have an issue with them ?

A

A form of penance, but they were being used for fundraising and were not based in scripture

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9
Q

Who did Luther end up facing against? What happened as a result?

A

The Pope / papacy, other church members, etc.

He was ordered to recant, he was ex communicated, and he was outlawed

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10
Q

What did Martin Luther do that was significant?

A

He made a new branch of Christianity, he translated the Bible into the vernacular, etc.

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11
Q

Where did the name Protestant come from?

A

The German princes who stood up in protest at the Diet of Speyer

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12
Q

When did Luther put forward the beliefs of Lutheran ism?

A

At the Diet of Augsburg (1530)

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13
Q

Where were Lutherans located?

A

Germany and Scandinavia

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14
Q

Where where Zwinglians located?

A

Switzerland, Holland, France, and Scotland

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15
Q

Where were the Calvinists located?

A

Switzerland, France, Holland, and Scotland

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16
Q

Where was the Church of England located?

A

England

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17
Q

What did Luther see as the error in trying to get to God?

A

They relied on human ability, instead, one should look to Christ

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18
Q

What are the great principles of Protestantism?

A

Scripture
Salvation through grace alone
The priesthood of believers

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19
Q

What were the four ways Roman Catholics interpreted the Bible?

A
  1. Literal
  2. Spiritual
  3. Allegorical
  4. Analogical (heavenly meaning)
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20
Q

What did reformers reject?

A

Doctrines and ceremonies not present in scripture, the authority of the Pope, good works, indulgences, mediation of the Virgin Mary and the Saints, transubstantiation, purgatory, etc.

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21
Q

Who was Philip Melanchthon?

A

An academic who helped to Luther

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22
Q

Why was the Luther ex communicated?

A

He burned the papal bull

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23
Q

Who complained to Rome about Luther?

A

The archbishop of Mainz

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24
Q

Who did Luther face against?

A

Cardinal Cajetan, Eck, the archbishop of Mainz, Erasmus, etc.

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25
Q

What is the process of Luther’s teachings?

A

Scripture, personal conviction, declaration, preaching

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26
Q

How are Martin Luther and Mother Teresa similar?

A

They both had experience is being fully United with Christ and separated, which caused despair

They both had very strong faith

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27
Q

What did Martin Bucer do?

A

Unsuccessfully tried to unite German and Swiss Churches

Forced to go to Cambridge - influenced Church of England

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28
Q

What did Huldrich Zwingli do?

A

Believed communion is symbolic and that the state can influence the church

Anabaptist

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29
Q

What did John Calvin do?

A

Believed in predestination

Tried to make a city of God

Rigid social system

did not believe in trans- or consubatantiation

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30
Q

What did Theodore Beza do?

A

Was the successor of Calvin

Defended the purity of the reformed church

Translated psalms and wrote a biography of Calvin

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31
Q

What did Thomas Cranmer do?

A

Was the Archbishop of Canterbury (was a Lutheran)

Reshaped the protestant Chhurch of England

Wrote books

Wanted a living theology

Burned as a heretic

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32
Q

What did John Bunyan do?

A

A Calvinist

Wrote books (“The Holy War’, “The Pilgrim’s Progress”)

Despaired over religion, then joined Bedford Congregation

Went to jail

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33
Q

What denominations were in the Netherlands?

A

Zwinglianism
Calvinism
Lutheranism

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34
Q

What denominations were in Belgium?

A

Calvinism (Puritanism)

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35
Q

What denominations were in Bohemia?

A

Lutheranism
Calvinism
Hussism

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36
Q

What denominations were in Hungary?

A

Lutheranism

Calvinism

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37
Q

What denominations were in Poland?

A

Lutheranism (through Hussism), Calvinism, Socianism

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38
Q

What denominations were in Sweden?

A

Lutheranism

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39
Q

What denominations were in Denmark?

A

Lutheranism

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40
Q

What denominations were in Norway?

A

Lutheranism

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41
Q

What denominations were in England?

A

Calvinism (Puritanism through Cromwell), Lutheranism, Anglicanism

42
Q

What denominations were in Scotland?

A

Lutheranism, Calvinism (Presbyterianism)

43
Q

Why did the /reformation not work as well in France, Ireland, etc.?

A

Protestants are persecuted / die (civil wars)

State intervention (King of England / France)

Aim for religious unity

44
Q

What was the controversy between John Calvin and Jacob Armenius?

A

Predestination vs free will

45
Q

What did the Puritans do?

A

Wanted to remove religious ceremonies (cross, kneeling, authority of bishops - very strict denomination)

Had political backing - separate from the Church of England

A congregationalist movement

46
Q

What are three sub-denominations of Calvinists? here are they?

A

Hugenots - France
Puritans - England, Belgium, U.S
Presbyterianism - Scotland

47
Q

What are the five points of Calvinism?

A 
Total depravity (can't be saved without God)
Unconditional election (predestination)
Limited atonment (can't constantly atone)
Irresistable grace (only for the chosen)
Perseverance of the saints (once saved, always saved
48
Q

Why didn’t Anabaptist like to be called Anabaptist?

A

they believed in ‘believer’s baptism’, so they did not believe they ‘rebaptized’

49
Q

What three things made fertile conditions for the Anabaptist movement?

A

mysticism
asceticism
disillusionment following the thirty years’ war

50
Q

What was the “brotherly union”?

A

A significant document, which guided the beliefs of future Anabaptists

51
Q

What are the four principles of Anabaptism?

A

Discipleship - “a daily walk with God”
Love - Caring for others (all)
Congregational Church Authority - communal decisions
A Separate Church and State

52
Q

Why did the Reformers and Catholics unite against the Anabaptists?

A

They believed the Anabaptists to be dangerous, heretical, etc. and threatened the religious / social stability of Europe

53
Q

Who was Menno Simons?

A

A former bishop

Became the symbol for non-violence in Anabaptism

54
Q

What was a Bruderhof? Where were they established?

A

An economic community from Moravia

Connects to apostolic communities, helps with survival, shows others being put first

55
Q

What did Jakob Hutter do?

A

Grouped Bruderhofs, emphasized collectivism

56
Q

What are the three surviving Anabaptist communities? where are they?

A

The Brethren - Switzerland, South Germany
Mennonites - Netherlands, North Germany
Hutterites - Moravia

57
Q

What did Hutterites / Mennonites not need to do?

A

Fight in wars

58
Q

What is the Fallen Church?

A

The belief that the church does not meet the Biblical model / God’s intentions

59
Q

When did Zwingli think the Church fell?

A

Around the 600s (rise of the papacy, Gregory I, etc.)

60
Q

When did Luther think the Church fell?

A

Around 607 (abuses of Boniface III - indulgences)

61
Q

When did Anabaptists think the Church fell?

A

313 (Edict of Milan - unified Church and State)

62
Q

What were the four problems with the institutionalization of the church?

A

Syncretism - gentile leaders = different interpretations

Purism - radical denominations and lapsed members (after persecutions)

Civil Religion - Corruption, mysticism, less firm belief

Authoritarianism - heirarchy changes spiritual meaning / removes individuality of the church

63
Q

How many times did the Council of Trent meet?

A

3

64
Q

What 12 things were determined at the Council of Trent?

A

1 - authority is from scripture, magisterium, and tradition
2 - The true bible is the Latin Vulgate translation
3 - Only the church can interpret scripture
4 - sacraments are the way to salvation
5 - no communion in both kinds
6 - moral renovation (good works) and forgiveness of sins is needed
7 - transubatantiation
8 - pilgrimage and penance
9 - clerical celibacy
10 - Veneration of images
11 - pope is the vicar of Christ (head of the church)
12 - standardized (tridentine) Mass

65
Q

What is Conciliarism?

A

The theory that a general council of the church has more authority than the pope

66
Q

What is extreme unction?

A

The last anointing (last rites)

67
Q

Who was Erasmus?

A

A humanist and scholar, studied the past (Greek, Church, etc)
Criticized abuses of the Church, but did not join the Reformation

68
Q

Who was Leo X?

A

A Medici, dismissed Luther’s arguments, excommunicated him

69
Q

What was the Oratory of Divine Love?

A

Catholic clergy and laity, who wanted to reform the (institutional) church with love and moral improvement

70
Q

Who was Contarini?

A

A Cardinal, tried to unite reform and reconcile with the Protestants unsuccessfully

71
Q

Who was Clement VII?

A

Pope, tried to reform (couldn’t because of political tension)
Refused Henry VIII’s annullment

72
Q

Who was Paul III?

A

Made the College of Cardinals, set up papal reform (Contarini as head)
Addressed abuses
Approved Jesuits being made
Called Council of Trent

73
Q

Who as Paul VI?

A

Led extension of Council of Trent

74
Q

Who are the Jesuits?

A

Made by Ignatius of Loyola
Group focused on education, counteracting Protestantism, and missionary expansion
Reinstated the inquisition (Cardinal Caraffa)
Banned books

75
Q

Who was Francis Xavier?

A

A Jesuit missionary (out of Europe work)

76
Q

What happened after the Thirty Years’ War?

A

Europe was divided along denominational lines (Anabaptists left out) through the Peace of Westphalia

77
Q

Who was John Wesley?

A
  • English Anglican clergyman, converted after hearing a Luther quote
  • takes message to England’s poor
  • Makes Methodist church
  • beginning of modern day revival meetings (after message goes to colonies
78
Q

Who was George Whitfield?

A
  • trained in drama
  • starts revival meetings
    - The Great Awakening
  • beginning of evangelical movement
79
Q

Who were the Puritans?

A
  • Calvinists
  • wanted to build a “City of God”
  • not tolerant of other faiths
80
Q

What was the ‘Great Awakening’?

A

A renewed interest in God / faith

- gave a sense of unity

81
Q

How did the War of Independence alter Christianity?

A

Separated Church and State

- gave religious freedom (1st amendment)

82
Q

Who was Bartholomew De las Casas?

A
  • Dominican friar, went to South America
  • Protested the use of Native American slaves
  • Supported (then fought) the use of AFRICAN slaves
83
Q

Who was Roger Williams?

A
  • Opposed forced conformity
  • Cut the cross out of the English flag (wanted a separate Church and State)
  • TOLERANCE
  • Made Providence, Rhode Island
84
Q

Who was William Penn?

A
  • Given land by King Charles II (named Pennsylvania after dad)
  • Followers were the QUAKERS
  • Made Philadelphia (city of brotherly love) - help those persecuted
85
Q

Which scientists were notably persecuted by the church?

A

Galileo

Copernicus

86
Q

What happened after the French Revolution with religion?

A
  • Religious freedom

- radical reactions (closing churches, capturing the Pope, nationalizing church land, etc.)

87
Q

What was made at the First Vatican Council? Why?

A

The Doctrine of Papal Infallibility

Because of turmoil with the Unification of Italy (church loses power, lands taken, etc.)

88
Q

What popes made the Doctrine of Papal Infallibility?

A

Gregory XV and Pious IX

89
Q

What was the “Heart of Darkness”?

A

Wanting to do good / help others, but believing that you (in this case Europeans) are better / more advanced

90
Q

What did Stanley Livingstone want to take to Africa?

A

Christianity, commerce, ad civilization

91
Q

Who founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints? What is the other name for it?

A

Joseph Smith

Mormonism

92
Q

What did the Mormons do?

A
  • Secluded themselves (thought the world would end, they would go on to Zion)
  • Abstained from caffeine, alcohol,etc.
  • Polygamy
  • mandatory tithes
93
Q

What is Pentecostalism?

A
  • A simpler version of Christianity
  • Revival meetings (one in Topeka, Kansas - woman speaks tongues)
  • personal connection with God
94
Q

What are the Fundamentalists?

A
  • Believed that the Bible is completely true
  • Mocked after John Scopes is put on trial for teaching evolution
    - Retreat after that
95
Q

Who was the first female preacher on the radio?

A

Aimee Semple McPherson (of the Four Square Gospel Church)

96
Q

What did Billy Graham do?

A

Preached (while still) on television - very famous for it

97
Q

What is the Method of Methodists? (3 points)

A
  • Do no harm
  • Do good
  • Follow all the ordinances of God
98
Q

Where in America were the Puritans?

A

Massachusetts, Connecticut

99
Q

Where in America were the Presbyterians?

A

Long Island (New York)

100
Q

Where in America were the Anglicans?

A

Virginia

101
Q

Where in America were the Lutherans?

A

Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware

102
Q

Where in America were the Roman Catholics?

A

Maryland

Christian Ethics 20 (5 decks)

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