Unit 4 - Protestant Reformation Flashcards
What was the theology of glory?
The view held by the Catholic Church, that Jesus was the best teacher and miracle worker, and the size of the church proved that it was the true religion
What is the theology of the cross?
The belief held by the Lutheran / reform church, that God / Jesus was more with those in need, and that Christianity was a religion focusing on love, grace, and mercy.
What is the difference between law and gospel?
Law - requirements
Gospel - message (of Jesus, of God’s grace, etc.)
What is the canon within a canon?
Luther’s idea that some books in the Bible are more important than others (ex. Gospel of John, romans, Galatians, Ephesians, 1 Peter, 1 John)
What were the Smalcald Articles? Who wrote them?
Written by Luther, the Smalcald Articles were about the Evangelical position - complaints about mass, monastic orders, papacy, and showed Lutheran beliefs.
What are the ways Luther believed God touched people’s lives?
- Preaching the word
- Baptism
- Communion
- Confessing sends / speaking the truth
- Mutual conversation and consolation
What did Luther want with the 95 Theses?
To discuss the issues he saw in the church (ex. Indulgences), not to reform
What did Luther see indulgences as? Why did he have an issue with them ?
A form of penance, but they were being used for fundraising and were not based in scripture
Who did Luther end up facing against? What happened as a result?
The Pope / papacy, other church members, etc.
He was ordered to recant, he was ex communicated, and he was outlawed
What did Martin Luther do that was significant?
He made a new branch of Christianity, he translated the Bible into the vernacular, etc.
Where did the name Protestant come from?
The German princes who stood up in protest at the Diet of Speyer
When did Luther put forward the beliefs of Lutheran ism?
At the Diet of Augsburg (1530)
Where were Lutherans located?
Germany and Scandinavia
Where where Zwinglians located?
Switzerland, Holland, France, and Scotland
Where were the Calvinists located?
Switzerland, France, Holland, and Scotland
Where was the Church of England located?
England
What did Luther see as the error in trying to get to God?
They relied on human ability, instead, one should look to Christ
What are the great principles of Protestantism?
Scripture
Salvation through grace alone
The priesthood of believers
What were the four ways Roman Catholics interpreted the Bible?
- Literal
- Spiritual
- Allegorical
- Analogical (heavenly meaning)
What did reformers reject?
Doctrines and ceremonies not present in scripture, the authority of the Pope, good works, indulgences, mediation of the Virgin Mary and the Saints, transubstantiation, purgatory, etc.
Who was Philip Melanchthon?
An academic who helped to Luther
Why was the Luther ex communicated?
He burned the papal bull
Who complained to Rome about Luther?
The archbishop of Mainz
Who did Luther face against?
Cardinal Cajetan, Eck, the archbishop of Mainz, Erasmus, etc.
What is the process of Luther’s teachings?
Scripture, personal conviction, declaration, preaching
How are Martin Luther and Mother Teresa similar?
They both had experience is being fully United with Christ and separated, which caused despair
They both had very strong faith
What did Martin Bucer do?
Unsuccessfully tried to unite German and Swiss Churches
Forced to go to Cambridge - influenced Church of England
What did Huldrich Zwingli do?
Believed communion is symbolic and that the state can influence the church
Anabaptist
What did John Calvin do?
Believed in predestination
Tried to make a city of God
Rigid social system
did not believe in trans- or consubatantiation
What did Theodore Beza do?
Was the successor of Calvin
Defended the purity of the reformed church
Translated psalms and wrote a biography of Calvin
What did Thomas Cranmer do?
Was the Archbishop of Canterbury (was a Lutheran)
Reshaped the protestant Chhurch of England
Wrote books
Wanted a living theology
Burned as a heretic
What did John Bunyan do?
A Calvinist
Wrote books (“The Holy War’, “The Pilgrim’s Progress”)
Despaired over religion, then joined Bedford Congregation
Went to jail
What denominations were in the Netherlands?
Zwinglianism
Calvinism
Lutheranism
What denominations were in Belgium?
Calvinism (Puritanism)
What denominations were in Bohemia?
Lutheranism
Calvinism
Hussism
What denominations were in Hungary?
Lutheranism
Calvinism
What denominations were in Poland?
Lutheranism (through Hussism), Calvinism, Socianism
What denominations were in Sweden?
Lutheranism
What denominations were in Denmark?
Lutheranism
What denominations were in Norway?
Lutheranism
What denominations were in England?
Calvinism (Puritanism through Cromwell), Lutheranism, Anglicanism
What denominations were in Scotland?
Lutheranism, Calvinism (Presbyterianism)
Why did the /reformation not work as well in France, Ireland, etc.?
Protestants are persecuted / die (civil wars)
State intervention (King of England / France)
Aim for religious unity
What was the controversy between John Calvin and Jacob Armenius?
Predestination vs free will
What did the Puritans do?
Wanted to remove religious ceremonies (cross, kneeling, authority of bishops - very strict denomination)
Had political backing - separate from the Church of England
A congregationalist movement
What are three sub-denominations of Calvinists? here are they?
Hugenots - France
Puritans - England, Belgium, U.S
Presbyterianism - Scotland
What are the five points of Calvinism?
Total depravity (can't be saved without God) Unconditional election (predestination) Limited atonment (can't constantly atone) Irresistable grace (only for the chosen) Perseverance of the saints (once saved, always saved
Why didn’t Anabaptist like to be called Anabaptist?
they believed in ‘believer’s baptism’, so they did not believe they ‘rebaptized’
What three things made fertile conditions for the Anabaptist movement?
mysticism
asceticism
disillusionment following the thirty years’ war
What was the “brotherly union”?
A significant document, which guided the beliefs of future Anabaptists
What are the four principles of Anabaptism?
Discipleship - “a daily walk with God”
Love - Caring for others (all)
Congregational Church Authority - communal decisions
A Separate Church and State
Why did the Reformers and Catholics unite against the Anabaptists?
They believed the Anabaptists to be dangerous, heretical, etc. and threatened the religious / social stability of Europe
Who was Menno Simons?
A former bishop
Became the symbol for non-violence in Anabaptism
What was a Bruderhof? Where were they established?
An economic community from Moravia
Connects to apostolic communities, helps with survival, shows others being put first
What did Jakob Hutter do?
Grouped Bruderhofs, emphasized collectivism
What are the three surviving Anabaptist communities? where are they?
The Brethren - Switzerland, South Germany
Mennonites - Netherlands, North Germany
Hutterites - Moravia
What did Hutterites / Mennonites not need to do?
Fight in wars
What is the Fallen Church?
The belief that the church does not meet the Biblical model / God’s intentions
When did Zwingli think the Church fell?
Around the 600s (rise of the papacy, Gregory I, etc.)
When did Luther think the Church fell?
Around 607 (abuses of Boniface III - indulgences)
When did Anabaptists think the Church fell?
313 (Edict of Milan - unified Church and State)
What were the four problems with the institutionalization of the church?
Syncretism - gentile leaders = different interpretations
Purism - radical denominations and lapsed members (after persecutions)
Civil Religion - Corruption, mysticism, less firm belief
Authoritarianism - heirarchy changes spiritual meaning / removes individuality of the church
How many times did the Council of Trent meet?
3
What 12 things were determined at the Council of Trent?
1 - authority is from scripture, magisterium, and tradition
2 - The true bible is the Latin Vulgate translation
3 - Only the church can interpret scripture
4 - sacraments are the way to salvation
5 - no communion in both kinds
6 - moral renovation (good works) and forgiveness of sins is needed
7 - transubatantiation
8 - pilgrimage and penance
9 - clerical celibacy
10 - Veneration of images
11 - pope is the vicar of Christ (head of the church)
12 - standardized (tridentine) Mass
What is Conciliarism?
The theory that a general council of the church has more authority than the pope
What is extreme unction?
The last anointing (last rites)
Who was Erasmus?
A humanist and scholar, studied the past (Greek, Church, etc)
Criticized abuses of the Church, but did not join the Reformation
Who was Leo X?
A Medici, dismissed Luther’s arguments, excommunicated him
What was the Oratory of Divine Love?
Catholic clergy and laity, who wanted to reform the (institutional) church with love and moral improvement
Who was Contarini?
A Cardinal, tried to unite reform and reconcile with the Protestants unsuccessfully
Who was Clement VII?
Pope, tried to reform (couldn’t because of political tension)
Refused Henry VIII’s annullment
Who was Paul III?
Made the College of Cardinals, set up papal reform (Contarini as head)
Addressed abuses
Approved Jesuits being made
Called Council of Trent
Who as Paul VI?
Led extension of Council of Trent
Who are the Jesuits?
Made by Ignatius of Loyola
Group focused on education, counteracting Protestantism, and missionary expansion
Reinstated the inquisition (Cardinal Caraffa)
Banned books
Who was Francis Xavier?
A Jesuit missionary (out of Europe work)
What happened after the Thirty Years’ War?
Europe was divided along denominational lines (Anabaptists left out) through the Peace of Westphalia
Who was John Wesley?
- English Anglican clergyman, converted after hearing a Luther quote
- takes message to England’s poor
- Makes Methodist church
- beginning of modern day revival meetings (after message goes to colonies
Who was George Whitfield?
- trained in drama
- starts revival meetings
- The Great Awakening - beginning of evangelical movement
Who were the Puritans?
- Calvinists
- wanted to build a “City of God”
- not tolerant of other faiths
What was the ‘Great Awakening’?
A renewed interest in God / faith
- gave a sense of unity
How did the War of Independence alter Christianity?
Separated Church and State
- gave religious freedom (1st amendment)
Who was Bartholomew De las Casas?
- Dominican friar, went to South America
- Protested the use of Native American slaves
- Supported (then fought) the use of AFRICAN slaves
Who was Roger Williams?
- Opposed forced conformity
- Cut the cross out of the English flag (wanted a separate Church and State)
- TOLERANCE
- Made Providence, Rhode Island
Who was William Penn?
- Given land by King Charles II (named Pennsylvania after dad)
- Followers were the QUAKERS
- Made Philadelphia (city of brotherly love) - help those persecuted
Which scientists were notably persecuted by the church?
Galileo
Copernicus
What happened after the French Revolution with religion?
- Religious freedom
- radical reactions (closing churches, capturing the Pope, nationalizing church land, etc.)
What was made at the First Vatican Council? Why?
The Doctrine of Papal Infallibility
Because of turmoil with the Unification of Italy (church loses power, lands taken, etc.)
What popes made the Doctrine of Papal Infallibility?
Gregory XV and Pious IX
What was the “Heart of Darkness”?
Wanting to do good / help others, but believing that you (in this case Europeans) are better / more advanced
What did Stanley Livingstone want to take to Africa?
Christianity, commerce, ad civilization
Who founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints? What is the other name for it?
Joseph Smith
Mormonism
What did the Mormons do?
- Secluded themselves (thought the world would end, they would go on to Zion)
- Abstained from caffeine, alcohol,etc.
- Polygamy
- mandatory tithes
What is Pentecostalism?
- A simpler version of Christianity
- Revival meetings (one in Topeka, Kansas - woman speaks tongues)
- personal connection with God
What are the Fundamentalists?
- Believed that the Bible is completely true
- Mocked after John Scopes is put on trial for teaching evolution
- Retreat after that
Who was the first female preacher on the radio?
Aimee Semple McPherson (of the Four Square Gospel Church)
What did Billy Graham do?
Preached (while still) on television - very famous for it
What is the Method of Methodists? (3 points)
- Do no harm
- Do good
- Follow all the ordinances of God
Where in America were the Puritans?
Massachusetts, Connecticut
Where in America were the Presbyterians?
Long Island (New York)
Where in America were the Anglicans?
Virginia
Where in America were the Lutherans?
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware
Where in America were the Roman Catholics?
Maryland
