Unit 3 - Medieval Christianity Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Who was Antony of Egypt? What did he do? (8 points)
A
- A wealthy man, heard a reading from Gospel of Matthew, and became a monk.
- Saw task of Christian as resisting the Devil, yielding to Christ (EXTERNAL STRUGGLE)
- Prayed, fasted, ate only bread and water (INTERNAL STRUGGLE)
- Became an ascetic (attacked physically and spiritually)
- Shared his secrets,
- Ministered to those persecuted by Diocletian.
- Defended against Arianism
- Buried without a marker
2
Q
What is a hagiography?
A
a favourable biography of a saint
3
Q
What book was Antony part of?
A
The Apophthegmata (a collection of sayings attributed to the desert mothers and fathers)
4
Q
What is monasticism?
A
“dwelling alone”, withdrawal from society
5
Q
What are the 3 reasons that someone would leave society to live a monastic life?
A
1 - horror at the disorder of life
2 - expectation of Christ’s immediate return
3 - belief in evil spirits (ie. Satan in the pagan life around them)
6
Q
Why would a monk live in poverty?
A
To prevent material attachments
7
Q
Why would a monk live chaste?
A
To prevent physical attachments
8
Q
Why would a monk live in obedience to God?
A
To master oneself (protection, etc.) to live with God alone
9
Q
What are the duties of a monk? (7 points)
A
- Prayer
- Labour (Making baskets, etc.)
- Agriculture (also labour)
- Copying manuscripts
- Education
- Architecture, painting, sculpture, metal work, etc.
- Missionary work
10
Q
What did Gregory the Great do to try and unify the west? What was his aim?
A
Develop ties with the Arian Christians / pagans (ex. with the Lombard Queen Theodelinda, Frankish kings, etc.)
Wanted to make a “Christian Commonwealth”
11
Q
Who were the only Germanic tribes to enter the Roman Empire as pagan?
A
Franks
12
Q
Who was Boethius?
A
“Last intellectual”, and “first scholastic”, familiar with Greek texts, which he applied to Christianity (HARMONIZE FAITH AND REASON)
13
Q
What Germanic tribe allied with the papacy (eventually became the Holy /Roman Empire)?
A
The Franks (Clovis)
14
Q
What were two of the main differences between the Catholic Church and the Celtic Church?
A
The way the day of Easter is chosen, baptism, etc.
15
Q
What person may have lives during the time of Augustine (in Britain)?
A
King Arthur
16
Q
Where was the practise of private confessioinals started?
A
Ireland
17
Q
What synod determined the conversion of Britain to Catholic Christianity?
A
Synod of Whitby
18
Q
Who were the “founders of the catholic church in England”? What did they do?
A
Theodore of Tarsus and Hadrian of North Africa
Built on the work of Pope Gregory and Augustine, drew on Celtic Christianity - reconciled with Celtic Christianity, made a national church (helped develop secular government)
19
Q
What did Archbishop Theodore do?
A
Made a school at Canterbury (arts and humanities) - manuscript illustrations
20
Q
What other religion conflicted with Christianity (post-632)?
A
Islam
21
Q
How did Islam influence Christianity?
A
It spread quickly (militant conversion), Took over previously Christian land, combined culture and ideas (ie. prayer beads), but had religious differences and was seen as a threat
22
Q
Who was Charles Martel, and what did he do?
A
A powerful (political) Frank, supported missionary work , but took church lands, ancestor of Charlemagne
23
Q
What did Emperor Leo III do?
A
Banned the use of icons, rejected by Pope Gregory II (ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY)
24
Q
When was Charlemagne crowned?
A
Christmas, 800AD
25
What did Charlemagne do?
Educational reform
"Carolingian Renaissance" - classical pagan and Christian works copied
Made Christian Commonwealth a reality
26
What was the Photian Schism?
Patriarch of Constantinople (Ignatius) deposed by Eastern Emperor, ordered to be restored by Pope Nicholas I
Religious differences (ex. Easter date, celibacy, FILIOQUE QUESTION, etc.) divided the church further
27
hat was the filioque question?
Did the Holy Spirit descend 'from the Father through the Son' or 'from the Father and the Son'?
28
What was the Adoptionist heresy?
Christ was the adopted son of God - from Spain, then in the Carolingian Empire
29
What is 'double predestination'?
some people are destined for salvation, others are destined for eternal judgement
30
Who was Alcuin? hat did he do (3 main things)
An Anglo-Saxon scholar, head tutor at the court of Charlemagne, was master of the York Cathedral school
Standardized spelling, reformed missionary practise, defended against Adoptionists
31
What violations were criticized regarding the clergy (causing some reform)? (6 points)
```
Rejection of celibacy
gluttony / drunkenness
unwise relationships with women
hunting
carrying arms
going to taverns
```
32
What did Chrodegang, Bishop of Metz make?
A rule for clergy, eventually spread
| Adapted into Benedictine Rule
33
What happened in the church / Empire after Charlemagne's death? (3 main points)
civil wars
simony
sale of church posts
34
Why did Vikings convert to Christianity?
So that peaceful relations could be had / trade could happen (ie. Treaty of Wedmore - Guthrum accepts Christianity)
35
How did vikings accept Christianity?
"[accepted] the Christian God alongside their own [gods]"
Marriage
Treaties (for trade) - PRIMSIGNING
36
What shows the conversion of the Vikings?
Stopping burial with grave goods
Similarities with Christian stories (ex. Odin being hanged on a tree and then resurrected)
Combining Christian and Viking symbols (on coins, etc.)
37
Where were the last Scandinavian places to be converted?
Denmark, SWEDEN, etc.
38
What happened to the body of Thomas Aquinas?
Was cut up (head to a chapel, hand to his sister, finger elsewhere, etc.)
Then, all taken to the Dominican monastery at Toulouse, then to the church of St. Sernin (French Revolution), then back to the Dominican monastery
39
Describe Tomas Aquinas' life (8 points)
- Began school (Montecassino - BENEDICTINE MONASTERY) at age 5,
- When the school became unsafe, Thomas was enrolled in the University of Naples, where he met the DOMINICANS
- His family held him captive for becoming a Dominican, then tried to turn him away ffrom the religious life (did not work)
- Went to the university of Paris, where he was given the nickname "Dumb Ox"
- Became a professor of theology (after some conflict - even the pope got involved)
- Gave new ideas, esp. regarding balancing secular / sacred learning (ex. Aristotle)
- Became silent after mystical experiences
- Fainted when commenting on the Song of Songs, and died after being given the "final Communion"
40
What did the Dominicans do? (2 main points)
- Live in poverty, chastity, and obedience,
| - Refute heresy (education)
41
What books did Aquinas write? (3)
- Summa contra Gentiles
- Compendium of Theology
- Summa Theologica
42
What three Points of Aristotle's belief conflict with the Christian view?
- Creation (world always moved)
- Afterlife (body dies, intellect lives on)
- Providence (God only cared about himself)
43
Why did Aquinas think about Aristotle's claims? (3 points)
- Compatible with Christianity
- Mistranslation by Islamic commentators
- Truth was revealed, and so someone that had not heard the revelation would think the world always existed
44
What are the three different words for the "head bishop"?
- Patriarch
- Archbishop
- Metropolitan
45
What are the reasons for the church schism (1054)? (6 main points, 5 sub points)
- Power struggle (pope as not universally believed to be the most powerful)
- The altered Nicene Creed (FILIOQUE)
- The west "Elevated Mary and the saints"
- Use of relics
- Celibacy (west is stricter)
- Transubstantiation (West says yes)
- Political differences
- Language, geography, the Pentarchy, the pope and patriarch excommunicate each other, etc.
46
Who was Anselm? What did he do?
- Archbishop of Canterbury
- Thought that, "God as 'a being greater than which nothing can be conceived'"
- If God did not exist, something greater would
- Added to the idea of the atonement theory (suffered to redeem people)
47
What were Aquinas' five reasons that God exists?
1) Must be a prime mover, to start the universe
2) For every effect, there is a cause
3) Something must exist to make everything else 4) There are gradations of good, so there must be a "Best"
5) The world is too complicated to be a coincidence, so there must be a planner
48
What were the Crusades? Why did they happen? Why would one go on a Crusade?
A series of religious wars (Christian vs Muslim) to gain control over holy sites
Happened due to the spread of Islam and to unify the west (pope gains power)
Going on a crusade was said to forgive sins, and one could also gain prestige and territory
49
What happened in the first Crusade?
The people's crusade went first, and were slaughtered, then Count Emicho killed Jews, and went (with four other armies)and took back Nicaea
Then, they captured Antioch, and went to Jerusalem, and killed people in victory
50
What happened in the second Crusade?
Crusaders go home, leaving some to make 4 Crusader States.
| The Muslims retalliate, and take back Edessa, and then defeat the crusaders
51
What happened in the third Crusade?
The Muslims take back territory, defeats Christian army at the BATTLE OF HATTIN (inspires third crusade), King Richard I defeats Saladin's army at the battle of Arsuf, PEACE TREATY ends crusade (establishes Kiingdom of Jerusalem)
52
What happened in the fourth Crusade?
Byzantine targeted, ends with the fall of Constantinople
53
What happened in the final Crusades?
Combat ANY enemies, for political interest - Pagans attacked, Jews attacked (sometimes due to usury), Christians attacked (for different views)
54
What was the last significant crusade to the Holy Land?
Ninth Crusade
55
What marked the end of the Crusades?
The Muslims taking back ACRE
56
What were the effects of the Crusades?
- Extended Christian influence
- Increased wealth
- Papal power increases
- Better trade / transportation
- Higher interest in travel and learning (may have made the Renaissance possible)
57
Who was Dominic? What did he do? (8 points)
- Founder of Dominicans
- Born into a wealthy Spanish family
- Took Augustinian vows, ordained a priest
- Went on a mission to preach
- Made a convent for women converts at Prouille
- Made an order of preachers (after gaining followers)
- Established houses of nuns
- Canonized a saint
58
Who was Francis? What did he do? (10 points)
- Founded the Franciscans
- Born as Giovanni (to a wealthy Italian family)
- Taken as a war prisoner, and had religious experiences
- Sold his horse and cloth, gave the money to the chapel of S. Damiano
- Taken for a hearing by his father, and from then on lived without material / family ties
- Wanted to return to the original spirit of Christ (lived in poverty and loving others) - Made a monastery of nuns with CLARE
- Tried going to the Holy Land many times, but did not work until he went to Egypt on a crusade
- Began spending more time alone, said to have felt the wounds of Christ's stigmata until his death
- Canonized two years after death
- Tries to make peace with the Muslim leaders
59
What are the characteristics of the Franciscan order? (3 main things)
- Could not have money
- Simply houses
- Could only have a tunic and cord ("bridal of subdued animal - human nature), breeches, and maybe
60
What was the Avignon Papacy? Why did it happen?
- The pope (CLEMENT V) moved from Rome to Avignon
- The pope was friends with the French king, and was crowned in France, where he then stayed
- The time in Avignon was the longest unbroken time spent outside of Rome, as well as the longest time with a non-Italian pope
61
Why were there three popes at the same time?
Because Urban VI was elected, but was suspicious of the French Cardinals, so the French elected a pope (Clement VII). Then, a "middle" pope was also elected
62
How did the Black Plague influence the church? (2 main points, 4 sub points)
- The good clergy died, so the clergy became very ineffective
- Many people dies without having their last rites
read
- People were saved through the
sacraments, which were controlled by
the church, therefore people are reliant
on the church, since their biggest goal
is the afterlife and can't save themselves
- The rise of mysticism also contributes to the
rise of doubt, since the church can't stop the
plague
- There was a division between the strict monastic orders (Dominican / Franciscan) and the less strict
orders
- The more strict usually survived the plague
63
What are the seven sacraments?
- Baptism
- Confirmation
- Eucharist
- Confession (Penance, Reconciliation)
- Anointing of the sick
- Holy Orders
- Marriage
64
What happens during baptism?
- A person is reborn in Christ
- some controversy about whether it should
happen at birth or adulthood
- From Latin "Baptizein" (to immerse, plunge, or dip
65
What happens during Confirmation?
- Given strength to be witness to Christ
- Anointing of the forehead
- Gifts of the spirit given
- East - happens same time as baptism
66
What happens during Eucharist?
- Eating "body and blood"
- From "Eucharistia" (thanksgiving)
- established by Jesus
67
What happens during Confession?
- Confessing sins
- 3 steps
- - Sorrow for sins
- Confession to a priest
- Penance / restitution for sins (fasting, prayer,
alms-giving, etc.)
68
What happens during Anointing of the sick?
- Anointing forehead / hands
| - Unites a person with Christ, sometimes used as an exorcism
69
What happens during Holy Orders?
- Become a priest, nun, etc.
- 3 "Dimentions"
- Bishop
- Priest(hood)
- Diaconate - can marry
70
What happens during Marriage?
- union of heart and soul
- Related to marriage of Christ
- Catholicism - no divorce, only annulment
71
What was the church building boom?
- Many churches and cathedrals made in 200 years
72
Why did the church building boom happen?
- Banning arts, used for artistic expression
- Wealth grew
- Church became more powerful
73
Who was John Wyclif? What did he do?
- English reformer (late middle ages)
- Professor at Oxford
- Challenged authority of church, believed that people could speak directly to God
- Translated Bible to English
74
Who was Jan Hus? What did he do?
- A reformer and martyr (burnt at the stake)
- A priest and teacher
- Said that Jesus is the only head of the church (only God can forgive sin)
- Thought that the church could not make doctrine
75
Who was Girolamo Savonarola? What did he do?
- An Italian preacher / reformer
- Denounced Alexander VI and the corrupt papacy / court
- Burnt at the stake
76
Why was Peter influential for the pope (2 reasons)?
1. Pope is successor of peter
| 2. Jesus gave Peter authority over church (peter is foundation of church)
77
What cities were the five patriarchs?
```
Rome
Constantinople
Alexandria
Antioch
Jerusalem
```
78
Who was Damascus I? What did he do?
Defended against Appolinarianism / Ariaism
Commissioned Latin Vulgate translation of Bible
First to declare himself the Apostolic See (rep. of the Apostles)
79
Who was Siricus? What did he do?
First to be called Pope
| Made a decree granting the pope supreme church authority
80
Who was Innocent I? What did he do?
Did not defend against the Visigoths
| Introduced "primacy of jurisdiction" (all locations confirm choices with central authority)
81
Who was Pope Leo the Great? What did he do?
Makes argument about Peter's descendants' power
Prevents attacks
Took the title "Pontificus Maximus" - power
Oversaw Council of Chaceldon (usu. done by emperor) - power
82
Who was Gelasius I? What did he do?
First to take "vicar of Christ"
| Said that the pope held spiritual authority, Emperor held temporal authority
83
Who was Gregory the Great? What did he do?
A monk, did not want to be pope
Gave food to the needy, rebuilt aqueducts, negotiated peace, etc
Made the idea of a "Just War"
Made the idea of Purgatory - considered part of why church fell from grace, issues with indulgences
84
Who was Boniface II? What did he do?
First to use "Universal bishop" - given by the Emperor, POWER
Beginning of abuse of power
85
What happened in the Period of Instability (4 sub points)?
Abuse of political and social power
Pope Nicolas I - "pornarchy"
17 popes in 58 years
Simony - buying positions (usu. unqualified)
Nicolationism (breach of celibacy) was common
86
Who was Gregory VII / Hildebrand? What did he do?
Peak of papacy
Made priests be celibate (previously married - wives brushed aside)
Excommunicated Holy Roman Emperor - he begs to be let back (**POWER OF POPE**)
87
Who was Innocent III? What did he do?
Most powerful time of papacy
Taught Pope is btwn God and man - salvation was found through the church (power)
More mystic time - Also teaches TRANSUBATANTIATION (communion become body / blood)
88
Who was Boniface VIII? What did he do?
Decline in papal power
Declares that the pope had spiritual and temporal authority (Pope is all powerful)
Power got to his head, altered his position
Failed conflict resolution
Tried to stop taxation of Clergy (shut down by political leaders by taxing jewels instead)
