Unit 4 Notes Flashcards
Chapter 11: Family Stress and Crisis: Violence among Intimates
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The Nature of Stress and Crisis
Crisis: A critical change of events that disrupts the functioning of a person’s life.
Family Stress: Tensions that test a family’s emotional resources
Acute Stress: Short-term stress
Chronic Stress: Long-Term Stress
Table 11.1: The 10 Most Common Family Stressors
- Finances and Budgeting
- Children’s behavior
- Insufficient time as a “couple”
- Lack of shared responsibility in family
- Communication with Children
- Insufficient time for “me”
- Guilt for not accomplishing more
- Relationship with spouse
- Insufficient family “play time”
- Overscheduled family calendar
The Nature of Stress and Crisis
Responses to stress:
–General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): The predictable pattern one’s body follows when coping with stress, which includes the alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion
The Social Readjustment Rating Scale: A scale of major life events over the past year, each of which is assigned a point value.
The Nature of Stress and Crisis (cont’d)
Pattern of Family Crises
- 3 distinct phases
- -1. The EVENT that causes the crises
- -2. The period of DISORGANIZATION that follows
- -3. The REORGANIZATION that takes place afterwards.
The Nature of Stress and Crisis (cont’d)
Coping or Not: The ABC-X Models
- ABC-X Model: A model designed to help us understand the variation in the ways that families cope with stress and crisis.
- Double ABC-X Model: A model designed to help us understand the effects of the accumulation of stresses and crises and how families adapt to them.
Violence Among Intimates
Violence is a social problem because:
- It affects large numbers of people
- Violence is not completely random
Intimate Partner Violence
Defined as violence between those who are physically and sexually intimate, such as spouses or partners
–Can encompass physical, economic, sexual, or psychological abuse
Intimate Partner Violence
How we define and Measure Intimate Partner Violence
-Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS): A scale based on how people deal with disagreements in relationships
–Are men or women more likely to be victims? Bias and the CTS
Frequency of Intimate Partner Violence
-Femicide: The killing of women
**Women are three times as likely as men to be assaulted by an intimate partner.
Intimate Partner Violence
Types of Intimate Partner Violence: -Common Couple Violence -Intimate Terrorism -Violent Resistance -Mutual Violent Control Stalking and Cyberstalking Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence
Intimate Partner Violence
Coping with Violence: Leaving and Staying
- -Learned Helplessness: The psychological condition of having low self-esteem, feeling helpless, and having no control that is caused by repeated abuse.
- Battered Women’s Syndrome: A recognized psychological condition, often a subcategory of post-traumatic stress syndrome, used to describe someone who has been the victim of consistent and/or severe domestic violence.
Intimate Partner Violence
Violence in Gay and Lesbian Relationships
Dating Violence
Rape and Sexual Assault
-Rape on College Campuses
–“Date Rape” Drugs: Drugs that are used to immobilize a person to facilitate an assault
Child Abuse and Neglect
–Child Abuse: An attack on a child that results in an injury and violates our social norms
Types of Child Abuse
Corporal Punishment
Who would abuse Children?
Child Abuse and Neglect
Consequences of Child Abuse
Trafficking
–The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud or deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability, or of the giving or receiving of payments to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation
Child Abuse and Neglect (cont’d)
Trafficking (continued)
–Sex Trafficking: An industry in which children are coerced, kidnapped, sold, or deceived into sexual encounters
Elder Abuse
Defined as the abuse of an elderly person that can include physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, financial or material exploitation, and neglect
Explanation for Violence among Intimates
Micro-Level Explanations
- -The Intergenerational Transmission of Violence: A cycle of violence that is passed down to dependents
- Stress Explanation
Explanations for Violence among Intimates
Macro-Level Explanations --Patriarchy --Cultural Norms Support Violence --Norms of Family Privacy A synthesis: Power and Control
The Public’s Response
Violence and the Law
Domestic Violence Shelters
-Defined as a temporary safe house for a woman (with or without children) who is escaping an abusive relationship
Treatment Programs for Abusers
Chapter 12: The Processes of Divorce
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Divorce in the United States
How Common is Divorce? It depends on how we measure it.
- -Crude Divorce Rate: The number of divorces per 1,000 people in the population
- -Refined Divorce Rate: A measure of divorce based on the number of divorces that occur out of every 1,000 married women
Why Do People Divorce?
Micro-Level Factors
- Parental Divorce:
- -Intergenerational Transmission of Divorce: A pattern noted by researchers that people whose parents divorced are also more likely to divorce
- Age at Marriage
- Parental Status
Why Do People Divorce?
Micro-Level Factors (Continued)
- Nonmarital childbearing
- Sex of children
- Race and Ethnicity
- Education
- Income
- Degree of Similarity between spouses
- The couples ages
Why do people divorce (Cont’d)
Macro-structural factors
- level of socioeconomic development
- Religion
- Divorce Laws
- -No-Fault Divorce: A type of divorce, now prevalent in all fifty states, in which a divorcing couple can go before a judge without one party having to blame the other
Why do people divorce (cont’d)
Macro-structural factors (continued)
- Women’s status and employment
- Attitudes toward Divorce
Experiencing Divorce
The Phases of Separation
-Legal Separation: A binding agreement signed by both spouses that provides details about child support
The stations of Divorce
-The stations of Divorce
–Defined as the interrelated emotional, legal, economic, co-parental, community, and psychic dimensions of divorce, which together attempt to capture the complexity of the divorce experience.
Experiencing Divorce (cont’d)
The stations of divorce (cont’d)
- The Emotional Divorces
- Legal Divorce
- -Legal Divorce: The termination of the marriage contract by a state court order
- Economic Divorce
- -Alimony: Payment by one partner to the other to support the more dependent spouse for a period of time
Experiencing Divorce
The stations of Divorce (continued)
- Co-Parental Divorce
- -Legal Custody: A custody agreement where one parent has the legal authority to make important decisions concerning the children after a divorce
- -Child Snatching: The act of a noncustodial parent kidnapping his or her child.
Experiencing Divorce
The Stations of Divorce -The community divorce -The psychic divorce A helping Hand: Divorce Mediation -Divorce Mediation: A non-adversarial means of resolution, in which the divorcing couple, along with a third party, such as a therapist or trained mediator, negotiate the terms of the financial, custody, and visitation settlement.
Divorce and Children: Child Support
Child Support Order: A legal document delineating the amount and circumstances surrounding the financial support of noncustodial children
What are the effects of Divorce on Children?
Short-term effects -Parental Conflict -Loss of a Parent -A reduced standard of living -Adjusting to Transitions Long Term Affects -Age and sex of the child -A world of caution Which is worse for children, divorce or marital conflict?
Should Divorce Be More Difficult to Obtain?
"Would I be Happier?" -Previously-unhappy married couples who did not divorce and who turned their marriages around fell into three broad types -The marital endurance ethic -The marital work ethic -The personal happiness ethic Covenant Marriage
The “Good Divorce”
Binuclear Family: A type of family consisting of divorced parents living in two separate households but remaining one family in spirit for the sake of the children
Chapter 14: Families in Middle and Later Life
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The Demographic Revolution
-Baby Boom Generation: People born in the years after World War II through the early 1960s
The “Oldest-Old” Are Increasing
-Life Expectancy: The amount of time (in years) a person can expect to live from birth
The Demographic Revolution
The “Oldest-Old” Are Increasing (continued)
-Centenarian: A person who lives at least 100 years
Elderly Women Outnumber Elderly Men
Aging in Historical Perspective
Social Security: A federal government-sponsored cash assistance program for seniors (and survivors)
Family Transitions
- Life-Stage Perspective: A perspective that claims development proceeds through a fairly set pattern of sequential stages that most people experience
- Life-Span Perspective: A perspective that claims development is a lifelong process, is multidirectional, and consists of both positive and negative changes involving gains and losses.
Family Transitions
-Life-Course Perspective: A perspective that sees age-related transitions as socially produced, socially recognized, and shared - a product of social structure, historical forces, and culture
Children Leaving (and returning) Home: “boomerangers”
Family Transitions
- Relationships between Adults and Their Elderly Parents
- Adult Siblings
The Aging Couple
Marital Satisfaction
- Sexuality
- The Division of household labor
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Elders
Childfree Older Families
Widowhood
The Process of Grief and Bereavement
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
Widowhood
Six Differences in the Experience of Widowhood
Grandparents and their Grandchildren
Changing grandparent role over the last century:
- Grandparenting has become a role distinct from parenting
- Grandparents are healthier and better educated
- Grandparents are more likely to recognize the importance of emotional involvement
- Grandparents and their grandchildren can more easily travel long distances and communicate by telephone or computer
Table 14.4 Types of Grandparent-Grandchild Relationships
Companionate-Grandparents and grandchildren have fun together, enjoy recreation together on a regular basis, and are important to one another’s lives.
- Remote-The grandparent-grandchild relationship is emotionally distant. Visits may be infrequent. Grandparents are only minimally involved in their grandchildren’s lives.
- Involved-Grandparents are highly involved in their grandchildren’s lives. They may take care of their grandchildren on a regular basis, and perhaps even live together.
Grandparents and their Grandchildren
Grandmothers and Grandfathers: Same or Different?
-Kinkeeping: Maintaining ties among family members
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Grandparenting Styles
Grandchildren and Grandparents living together
Retirement
The Social Construction of Retirement
Men, Women, and Retirement
Health
Activities of Daily Living
- Gerontologists: Researchers studying issues affecting the elderly
- Activities of Daily Living (ADLs): General day-to-day activities such as cooking, cleaning, bathing, and home repair.
Health
Severe Memory Loss:
- Dementia: The loss of mental functions such as thinking, memory, and reasoning
- Alzheimer’s Disease: The most common form of dementia; at present, it is incurable
Health
Long-Term Care and Caregiving
- Formal Care
- -Formal Care: Care provided by social service agencies on a paid or volunteer basis
- Informal Care
- -Informal Care: Unpaid care by someone close to the care recipient.
Health
Long-Term Care and Caregiving (continued)
- Informal Care (continued)
- -“Sandwich Generation”: A generation of people who are in the middle of two living generations, providing care to the members of cohorts on both sides of them: parents and children.
