HDFS302-Unit 3

Question 0

Mortality Rate (Or death rate)

Answer 0

A measure of the number of deaths in a population

Question 1

Fertility Rate

Answer 1

A measure reported as (1) average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime; (2) number of children born per 1,000 women ages 15-44 (some other countries use 49 as the cut-off age); or (3) number of children born per 1,000 population

Question 2

Pronatalism

Answer 2

A cultural value that encourages childbearing

Question 3

Direct Financial Costs

Answer 3

Out-of-pocket expenses for things such as food, clothing, housing, and education

Question 4

Opportunity Costs

Answer 4

Lost opportunities for income by working only part-time or not at all because of children.

Question 5

Infertility

Answer 5

The inability to conceive a child

Question 6

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART):

Answer 6

All fertility treatments in which either egg or sperm (or both) are handled.

Question 7

Surrogacy

Answer 7

The act of giving birth to a child for another person or a couple who then adopts or takes legal custody of the child.

Question 8

Traditional Surrogacy

Answer 8

A type of surrogacy where the man’s sperm is implanted in the surrogate through artificial insemination

Question 9

Gestational Surrogacy

Answer 9

A type of surrogacy where the intended mother’s egg is combined with the man’s sperm and implated in the surrogate through in vitro fertilization

Question 10

Medicalization of Childbirth

Answer 10

The belief that childbirth is a medical event in need of drugs and technological intervention

Question 11

Birth Centers

Answer 11

Freestanding facilities (usually with close access to, but not affiliated with, a hospital) where childbirth is approached as a normal healthy process.

Question 12

Closed Adoption

Answer 12

An adoption where identifying information is sealed and unavailable to all parties.

Question 13

Open Adoption

Answer 13

A type of adoption that involves direct contact between the biological and adoptive parents

Question 14

Content Analysis

Answer 14

A research method that systematically examines the content of materials

Question 15

Public Adoption

Answer 15

An adoption that occurs through licensed public agencies

Question 16

Private Adoption

Answer 16

An adoption arranged directly between adoptive parents and the biological birth mother, usually with the assistance of an attorney.

Question 17

Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA):

Answer 17

An act that requires employers with over 50 employees to provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave to eligible employees (both men and women) to care for themselves or their immediate families with specified medical conditions.

Question 18

Family Allowance (or child allowance):

Answer 18

A cash benefit to families provided by the government to help offset the costs of raising children.

Question 19

Socialization

Answer 19

The lifelong process by which we acquire the cultural values and skills needed to function as human beings and participate in society

Question 20

Id:

Answer 20

According to Freud, the part of the personality that includes biological drives and needs for immediate gratification.

Question 21

Ego

Answer 21

According to Freud, the rational component of personality that attempts to balance the need for immediate gratification with the demands of society.

Question 22

Superego

Answer 22

According to Freud, this is our conscience, which draws upon our cultural values and norms to help us understand why we cannot have everything we want.

Question 23

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 23

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development (from birth to age 2) in which infants and toddlers understand the world primarily through touch, sucking, listening, and looking.

Question 24

Pre-operational Thought

Answer 24

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, occurring from ages 2 through 7, as the child learns language, symbolic play, and symbolic drawing, but does not grasp abstract concepts.

Question 25

Concrete Operational Thought

Answer 25

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development occurring from ages 7 and 12, when children begin to see the causal connections in their surroundings, and can manipulate categories, classification systems, and hierarchies in groups.

Question 26

Formal Operational Thought

Answer 26

Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, beginning at adolescence and continuing through adulthood, in which children develop capacities for abstract thought and can conceptualize more complex issues or rules that can be used for problem solving.

Question 27

Looking-glass self

Answer 27

Cooley’s suggestion that we come to see ourselves as others perceive and respond to us

Question 28

Role Taking

Answer 28

According to Mead, the process of mentally assuming the role of another person to understand the world from their point of view and to anticipate their reponse to us

Question 29

Social Learning Theory

Answer 29

Developed by Alfred Bandura, the theory that behavior is learned through modeling and reinforcement

Question 30

Racial or Ethnic Socialization

Answer 30

Teaching minority children about prejudice, discrimination, and the coping skills necessary to develop and maintain a strong and healthy self-image

Question 31

Authoritative Parenting Style

Answer 31

A parenting style that is demanding and maintains high levels of control over the children, but is also warm and receptive

Question 32

Permissive Parenting Style

Answer 32

A parenting style that places few controls or demands on the child

Question 33

Authoritarian Parenting Style

Answer 33

A parenting style that is strict, punitive, and not very warm

Question 34

Living Wage

Answer 34

Wages that are above federal or state minimum wage levels, usually ranging from 100 to 130 percent of the poverty line.

Question 35

Nonstandard Work Schedules

Answer 35

Job schedules that are part-time, sub-contracted, temporary in nature, occur at night, or offer irregular work schedules.

Question 36

Medicaid

Answer 36

The federal-state health care program for eligible poor of all ages

Question 37

Medicare

Answer 37

The federal health care program for the elderly

Question 38

Household Labors

Answer 38

In general, the unpaid work done to maintain family members and/or a home.

Question 39

Routine Household Labor

Answer 39

Non-discretionary, routine tasks that can be postponed, such as cooking, washing dishes, or cleaning.

Question 40

Occasional Labor

Answer 40

Household tasks that are more time-flexible and more discretionary, such as household repairs, hard care, or paying bils

Question 41

Time-availability Perspective

Answer 41

A perspective that suggests the division of labor is largely determined by (1) the need for household labor, such as the number of children in the home; and (2) each partner’s availability to perform household tasks, such as the number of hours spent in paid work

Question 42

Relative Resources Perspective

Answer 42

The greater the relative amount or value of resources contributed by a partner, the greater is his or her power within the relationship, which can then be translated into bargaining to avoid tasks such as housework that offer no pay and minimal social prestige

Question 43

Work-Family Conflict

Answer 43

A form of tension under which people feel that the pressures from paid work and family roles are incompatible in some way

Question 44

Role overload

Answer 44

Feeling overwhelmed by many different commitments and not having enough time to meet each commitment effectively

Question 45

Spillover

Answer 45

An occurrence caused by the demands involved in one sphere of work carrying over into work in another sphere

Question 46

Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC)

Answer 46

An international term for day care, preschool, and other programs to ensure that all children begin elementary school with basic skills and are ready to learn

Question 47

Daycare Centers

Answer 47

Nonresidential facilities that provide childcare

Question 48

Family Childcare Providers

Answer 48

Private homes other than the child’s home where childcare is provided

Question 49

Nannies/babysitters

Answer 49

Non-relatives that provide childcare in the home.

Question 50

Self-care

Answer 50

Children who are unsupervised and taking care of themselves.