Unit 4 Migration Flashcards
c1900 - present day
what was the Pavilion?
- a royal palace converted into a hospital
- in brighton, which was the centre of care for indian and chinese soldiers
how many wounded indians were sent to the pavilion?
over 4000
why were british authorities concerned about the indian men sent to the pavilion?
- they were concerned about the possible mixing of the indian men with white english women
what did the british do, to ensure that colonial soldiers were not mixing with white people
- the british decided to send the indian troops to fight the war in the middle east rather than in europe
why were there race riots in 1919
- white british men used black and asian men as scapegoats for their economic problems.
recall the key events of the riots in liverpool
- trouble broke out in june between a group of black men and some scandinavians
- police pursued the black men and caught one, Charles Wootton
- police catch Wootton but the mob snatches him, threw him in the dock, and pelted him with stones until he drowned
- police made no arrests and blamed the black men but the judges convicted all the white men arrested
recall the key events of the riots in cardiff
- attacks on somali and arab seamen
- arab sailor killed by a blow to the head
- murder charges against six white men were dropped
what did the government do to prevent the settlements of non-white immigrants
- 1925 Specials Restrictions Order made all non-white sailors carry a special registration certificate and report regularly to the police station
- indian and uk authorities colluded to restrict the issue of passports to indian workers
what was the league of coloured people
- an organisation that challenged racial injustice in britain
who was learie constantine?
- famous cricketer from trinidad
- when the war began, he was the welfare officer for west indians
- trained as a lawyer
- trinidad’s first high commissioner in london
- first black man in the house of lords in 1969
how many european migrants migrated to help rebuild britain after the war
- 200,000 white europeans, particularly poles and italians
what was the nationality act of 1948
- confirmed the right of all subjects of britain’s commonwealth and empire to free access to settle in britain
- britain would rely on collaboration with colonial governments to keep black and asian subjects away
what did britain do to reduce migrants from entering the country after the nationality act of 1948
- sent a special film of the dreadful conditions in the british winter of 1947 to discourage jamaican migrants
what was the windrush migration
- a famous voyage in june 1948 that carried about 1000 migrants to britain from jamaica
what was the commonwealth immigrants act?
- an act in 1962
- first of a series of laws that the british government use to prevent the immigration of people from africa, asia and the caribbean
- new system is announced prior to this that divided potential immigrants into three categories
why was the commonwealth immigrants act of 1962 unsuccessful?
- before the act came into force, there was a rush of arrivals to ‘beat the ban’
- new act still allowed open access for dependents of settled immigrants
- the act did little to reduce the numbers of non-white immigrants
list the immigration control from 1962-68
1962 - commonwealth immigrants act, commonwealth immigrants in three categories
1968 - commonwealth immigrants act, any british passport holders could be subject to immigration controls
1971 - immigration act, old categories of ‘alien’ removed to ‘patrial’
1981 - nationality act, cancelled the 1948 nationality act british citizenship was now only for people born in britain
why were there so many asian migrants in british ruled east african colonies
- britain brought large numbers of indian people to its east african colonies
- british colonial authorities gave those asian people a higher status than the black african people
how many kenyan asians migrated to britain in 1967 and 1968
- 1967, 25,000
- 1968, 12,000, in the first two months
why did ugandan asians leave uganda?
- General Amin declared in 1972 that all asian migrants who were not ugandan passport holders would be expelled from uganda
how many ugandan asians came to britan in 1972?
29,000
who was enoch powell
- a midlands mp calling for the repatriation of immigrants
- senior conservative party politician
horrified by the prospect of more large-scale asian immigration - gave a speech in 1968 warning that immigration would lead to violence
name a right-wing party
- national front members became a part of the british national party in 1982
what did these right wing parties do and why
- organise demonstrations
- march into areas with diverse ethnic populations and incite trouble
- opposed the european community as well as multiculturalism and immigration of people of colour
who were one of the first asylum seekers to britain after the 1905 aliens act
- belgian refugees, around 250,000
how did britain help the jews during nazi persecution
- after kristallnacht, the british government eased the restrictions on the jews
- unaccompaied refugee children were allowed to come to britai on temporary travel visas
list the asylum and immigration regulations from 1990-2010
- 1993, asylum and immigration appeals act, a refugee had to have a well founded far of persecution
- 1996, asylum and immigration act, criminal offence for employers to hire any migrant without a work permit
- 1999, immigration and asylum act, reduced the provision of welfare to asylum seekers
- 2002, nationality, immigration and asylum act, reformed regulations for immigrants to register as british citizens
- 2006, immigration, asylum and nationality act, introduced a tier system for entry, with skilled migrants given preference over unskilled
list all large groups of asylum seekers
- somalis, due to a civil war
- afghans, country invaded by the soviet union and then civil wars
- syrians, civil war displaced 6 million people
what and when was the maastricht treaty
- a treaty signed by 12 european nations signalling a new stage in the process of european integration
- in 1992
- allowed citizens of the EU nations to travel freely to other EU states
what led to the slowing of migration in 2008?
- financial crash and recession made many EU migrants return to their country of origin
what was Brexit?
- a successful campaign that made Britain leave the EU
- in january 2020
what was the windrush betrayal
- anti-immigration measures set in place in 2012
- doctors, landlords, police officers, employers and teachers were instructed to check the official status of people they were serving in their work
- coloured people were targeted
how did the windrush betrayal affect the windrush generation?
- the windrush generation had to show an official document for each year that they had lived in the uk
- people unable to provide these documents were wrongly detained, denied legal rights and even deported back to the caribbean
name a campaign against racial discrimination
- bristol bus boycott (1963)
name some activists that campaigned against racial discrimination
- claudia jones
- marion glean
- jocelyn barrow
- david pitt
what was the first race relations act (1965) about
- banned racial discrimination in public places and made the promotion of hatred on the grounds of ‘colour, race, or ethnic or national origins’ an offence
why did some think the first race relations act was ineffective
- the new law only outlawed racial discrimination in places of public resort like hotels
- it did not apply to housing, employment, education or the police
list all the race relations acts from 1965-2000
- 1965, first law against racial behaviour
- 1968, racial discrimination made illegal in housing, employment and financial services
- 1976, indirect racial discrimination was recognised
- 2000, racial discrimination by the police is finally declared illegal
recall the key events of the bristol bus boycott
- caribbean migrants were accepted as maintenance workers but never conductors or drivers for the bristol omnibus company due to the colour bar
- roy hackett decided to organise a campaign to tackle this racial discrimination
- inspired by the successful montgomery campaign in the usa, they organised a boycott of bristol’s buses
- the boycott was a success, and in 1963, the BOC announced it was going end any racial discrimination in its recruitment process
why was the bristol west indian cricket club important
- a chance for caribbeans to socialise and organise their own parties and activities
what was the importance of st paul’s festival (1968)
- multicultural festivals
- promoted elements of traditional caribbean carnival
- the themes of the festival featured issues of social justice that affected the black community
how did coloured women fight for their rights
- formation of the organisation of women of asian and african descent
- prompted the establishment of local black sisters groups
- inclusive organising principle that included any ethnic group suffering racism from a white-dominated society
what did these women organisations fight for
- protested about asian women immigrants being given forced virginity tests
- fought on behalf of women who suffered extreme domestic violence
how did hospitals benefit from migrant doctors
- german jewish doctors helped the NHS
- expansion of hospitals after 1948 would not have been possible without immigrants
- more than 10% of NHS doctors working in 1953-55 had been trained overseas
how did irish migrants help the NHS
- by the 1960s, over 10% of all NHS nursing staff was born in ireland
- in 1971, there was 31,000 irish nurses
how did black nurses face prejudice
- often advised to take the quick route to become a nurse, but could not progress any further from their position
- seeking promotion was always more difficult for black nurses
how did leicester council attempt to limit asian migration and why did they fail
- put advertisements in ugandan newspapers in 1972 that urged the asians not to come to leicester
- ugandan asians knew that there was already asians in leicester and so didn’t care
- 6000 ugandan asians came to england in 1972
what was the imperial typewriters strike
- asian workers walked out on their duites in 1974 to protest against racial discrimination in the factory
- after three months, the workers had to admit defeat and go back to work
- by the end of 1974, the factory had closed down
how did leicester’s labour party try to make up for their message in 1972
- allocated considerable funding to community organisations that would support the asian immigrants
- local radio stations launched asian programmes
- belgrave road became a premier destination for south asians in the midlands to shop for clothing, jewellery and food
how did parliamentary politics turn multiracial
- conservative politicians of jewish heritage served in major positions
- black and asian mps took seats in the house of commons
in the general election of 2019 what percentage of members of the house of commons were from minority ethnic backgrounds
- 10%
how did sporting teams reflect the involvement of immigrant communities
-2012 olympics, 26 out of the 65 medals won were by first or second gen immigrants
- men’s cricket, the world cup winning team of 2019 had a high proportion of immigrant players
how was football affected by immigrants
- by 2008, 66% of premier league players came from 66 different countries
turkish and cypriot cuisine - impact
- greek cypriots owned a lot of fish and chip shops
- turkish cypriots and turks pioneered the introduction of the kebab into british food habits
indian curry - impact
- large scale migration boosted interest in indian cuisine
- by 1995, there were 8000 indian restaurants in the uk
- curry became a staple feature
jazz musicians - impact
- caribbean and african-american musicians led to the development of jazz music in britain
caribbean music: ‘ska’ - impact and origin
- combination of calypso with american rhythm and blues
- ska music developed into reggae
how did religion change as a result of immigration
- by the year 200, there were over 150 mosques in london and around 1500 in the uk
- 5% of the population was muslim
- by 2020, hindu population in the uk was 1 million
- black people migrating were often strongly committed to the christian faith, black archbishops and bishops and reverends
