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Paper 1 History - Migrants in Britain (Edexcel) > Unit 4 Migration > Flashcards

Unit 4 Migration Flashcards

c1900 - present day

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1
Q

what was the Pavilion?

A
  • a royal palace converted into a hospital
  • in brighton, which was the centre of care for indian and chinese soldiers
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2
Q

how many wounded indians were sent to the pavilion?

A

over 4000

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3
Q

why were british authorities concerned about the indian men sent to the pavilion?

A
  • they were concerned about the possible mixing of the indian men with white english women
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4
Q

what did the british do, to ensure that colonial soldiers were not mixing with white people

A
  • the british decided to send the indian troops to fight the war in the middle east rather than in europe
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5
Q

why were there race riots in 1919

A
  • white british men used black and asian men as scapegoats for their economic problems.
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6
Q

recall the key events of the riots in liverpool

A
  • trouble broke out in june between a group of black men and some scandinavians
  • police pursued the black men and caught one, Charles Wootton
  • police catch Wootton but the mob snatches him, threw him in the dock, and pelted him with stones until he drowned
  • police made no arrests and blamed the black men but the judges convicted all the white men arrested
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7
Q

recall the key events of the riots in cardiff

A
  • attacks on somali and arab seamen
  • arab sailor killed by a blow to the head
  • murder charges against six white men were dropped
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8
Q

what did the government do to prevent the settlements of non-white immigrants

A
  • 1925 Specials Restrictions Order made all non-white sailors carry a special registration certificate and report regularly to the police station
  • indian and uk authorities colluded to restrict the issue of passports to indian workers
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9
Q

what was the league of coloured people

A
  • an organisation that challenged racial injustice in britain
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10
Q

who was learie constantine?

A
  • famous cricketer from trinidad
  • when the war began, he was the welfare officer for west indians
  • trained as a lawyer
  • trinidad’s first high commissioner in london
  • first black man in the house of lords in 1969
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11
Q

how many european migrants migrated to help rebuild britain after the war

A
  • 200,000 white europeans, particularly poles and italians
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12
Q

what was the nationality act of 1948

A
  • confirmed the right of all subjects of britain’s commonwealth and empire to free access to settle in britain
  • britain would rely on collaboration with colonial governments to keep black and asian subjects away
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13
Q

what did britain do to reduce migrants from entering the country after the nationality act of 1948

A
  • sent a special film of the dreadful conditions in the british winter of 1947 to discourage jamaican migrants
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14
Q

what was the windrush migration

A
  • a famous voyage in june 1948 that carried about 1000 migrants to britain from jamaica
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15
Q

what was the commonwealth immigrants act?

A
  • an act in 1962
  • first of a series of laws that the british government use to prevent the immigration of people from africa, asia and the caribbean
  • new system is announced prior to this that divided potential immigrants into three categories
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16
Q

why was the commonwealth immigrants act of 1962 unsuccessful?

A
  • before the act came into force, there was a rush of arrivals to ‘beat the ban’
  • new act still allowed open access for dependents of settled immigrants
  • the act did little to reduce the numbers of non-white immigrants
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17
Q

list the immigration control from 1962-68

A

1962 - commonwealth immigrants act, commonwealth immigrants in three categories
1968 - commonwealth immigrants act, any british passport holders could be subject to immigration controls
1971 - immigration act, old categories of ‘alien’ removed to ‘patrial’
1981 - nationality act, cancelled the 1948 nationality act british citizenship was now only for people born in britain

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18
Q

why were there so many asian migrants in british ruled east african colonies

A
  • britain brought large numbers of indian people to its east african colonies
  • british colonial authorities gave those asian people a higher status than the black african people
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19
Q

how many kenyan asians migrated to britain in 1967 and 1968

A
  • 1967, 25,000
  • 1968, 12,000, in the first two months
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20
Q

why did ugandan asians leave uganda?

A
  • General Amin declared in 1972 that all asian migrants who were not ugandan passport holders would be expelled from uganda
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21
Q

how many ugandan asians came to britan in 1972?

A

29,000

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22
Q

who was enoch powell

A
  • a midlands mp calling for the repatriation of immigrants
  • senior conservative party politician
    horrified by the prospect of more large-scale asian immigration
  • gave a speech in 1968 warning that immigration would lead to violence
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23
Q

name a right-wing party

A
  • national front members became a part of the british national party in 1982
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24
Q

what did these right wing parties do and why

A
  • organise demonstrations
  • march into areas with diverse ethnic populations and incite trouble
  • opposed the european community as well as multiculturalism and immigration of people of colour
25
Q

who were one of the first asylum seekers to britain after the 1905 aliens act

A
  • belgian refugees, around 250,000
26
Q

how did britain help the jews during nazi persecution

A
  • after kristallnacht, the british government eased the restrictions on the jews
  • unaccompaied refugee children were allowed to come to britai on temporary travel visas
27
Q

list the asylum and immigration regulations from 1990-2010

A
  • 1993, asylum and immigration appeals act, a refugee had to have a well founded far of persecution
  • 1996, asylum and immigration act, criminal offence for employers to hire any migrant without a work permit
  • 1999, immigration and asylum act, reduced the provision of welfare to asylum seekers
  • 2002, nationality, immigration and asylum act, reformed regulations for immigrants to register as british citizens
  • 2006, immigration, asylum and nationality act, introduced a tier system for entry, with skilled migrants given preference over unskilled
28
Q

list all large groups of asylum seekers

A
  • somalis, due to a civil war
  • afghans, country invaded by the soviet union and then civil wars
  • syrians, civil war displaced 6 million people
29
Q

what and when was the maastricht treaty

A
  • a treaty signed by 12 european nations signalling a new stage in the process of european integration
  • in 1992
  • allowed citizens of the EU nations to travel freely to other EU states
30
Q

what led to the slowing of migration in 2008?

A
  • financial crash and recession made many EU migrants return to their country of origin
31
Q

what was Brexit?

A
  • a successful campaign that made Britain leave the EU
  • in january 2020
32
Q

what was the windrush betrayal

A
  • anti-immigration measures set in place in 2012
  • doctors, landlords, police officers, employers and teachers were instructed to check the official status of people they were serving in their work
  • coloured people were targeted
33
Q

how did the windrush betrayal affect the windrush generation?

A
  • the windrush generation had to show an official document for each year that they had lived in the uk
  • people unable to provide these documents were wrongly detained, denied legal rights and even deported back to the caribbean
34
Q

name a campaign against racial discrimination

A
  • bristol bus boycott (1963)
35
Q

name some activists that campaigned against racial discrimination

A
  • claudia jones
  • marion glean
  • jocelyn barrow
  • david pitt
36
Q

what was the first race relations act (1965) about

A
  • banned racial discrimination in public places and made the promotion of hatred on the grounds of ‘colour, race, or ethnic or national origins’ an offence
37
Q

why did some think the first race relations act was ineffective

A
  • the new law only outlawed racial discrimination in places of public resort like hotels
  • it did not apply to housing, employment, education or the police
38
Q

list all the race relations acts from 1965-2000

A
  • 1965, first law against racial behaviour
  • 1968, racial discrimination made illegal in housing, employment and financial services
  • 1976, indirect racial discrimination was recognised
  • 2000, racial discrimination by the police is finally declared illegal
39
Q

recall the key events of the bristol bus boycott

A
  • caribbean migrants were accepted as maintenance workers but never conductors or drivers for the bristol omnibus company due to the colour bar
  • roy hackett decided to organise a campaign to tackle this racial discrimination
  • inspired by the successful montgomery campaign in the usa, they organised a boycott of bristol’s buses
  • the boycott was a success, and in 1963, the BOC announced it was going end any racial discrimination in its recruitment process
40
Q

why was the bristol west indian cricket club important

A
  • a chance for caribbeans to socialise and organise their own parties and activities
41
Q

what was the importance of st paul’s festival (1968)

A
  • multicultural festivals
  • promoted elements of traditional caribbean carnival
  • the themes of the festival featured issues of social justice that affected the black community
42
Q

how did coloured women fight for their rights

A
  • formation of the organisation of women of asian and african descent
  • prompted the establishment of local black sisters groups
  • inclusive organising principle that included any ethnic group suffering racism from a white-dominated society
43
Q

what did these women organisations fight for

A
  • protested about asian women immigrants being given forced virginity tests
  • fought on behalf of women who suffered extreme domestic violence
44
Q

how did hospitals benefit from migrant doctors

A
  • german jewish doctors helped the NHS
  • expansion of hospitals after 1948 would not have been possible without immigrants
  • more than 10% of NHS doctors working in 1953-55 had been trained overseas
45
Q

how did irish migrants help the NHS

A
  • by the 1960s, over 10% of all NHS nursing staff was born in ireland
  • in 1971, there was 31,000 irish nurses
46
Q

how did black nurses face prejudice

A
  • often advised to take the quick route to become a nurse, but could not progress any further from their position
  • seeking promotion was always more difficult for black nurses
47
Q

how did leicester council attempt to limit asian migration and why did they fail

A
  • put advertisements in ugandan newspapers in 1972 that urged the asians not to come to leicester
  • ugandan asians knew that there was already asians in leicester and so didn’t care
  • 6000 ugandan asians came to england in 1972
48
Q

what was the imperial typewriters strike

A
  • asian workers walked out on their duites in 1974 to protest against racial discrimination in the factory
  • after three months, the workers had to admit defeat and go back to work
  • by the end of 1974, the factory had closed down
49
Q

how did leicester’s labour party try to make up for their message in 1972

A
  • allocated considerable funding to community organisations that would support the asian immigrants
  • local radio stations launched asian programmes
  • belgrave road became a premier destination for south asians in the midlands to shop for clothing, jewellery and food
50
Q

how did parliamentary politics turn multiracial

A
  • conservative politicians of jewish heritage served in major positions
  • black and asian mps took seats in the house of commons
51
Q

in the general election of 2019 what percentage of members of the house of commons were from minority ethnic backgrounds

A
  • 10%
52
Q

how did sporting teams reflect the involvement of immigrant communities

A

-2012 olympics, 26 out of the 65 medals won were by first or second gen immigrants
- men’s cricket, the world cup winning team of 2019 had a high proportion of immigrant players

53
Q

how was football affected by immigrants

A
  • by 2008, 66% of premier league players came from 66 different countries
54
Q

turkish and cypriot cuisine - impact

A
  • greek cypriots owned a lot of fish and chip shops
  • turkish cypriots and turks pioneered the introduction of the kebab into british food habits
55
Q

indian curry - impact

A
  • large scale migration boosted interest in indian cuisine
  • by 1995, there were 8000 indian restaurants in the uk
  • curry became a staple feature
56
Q

jazz musicians - impact

A
  • caribbean and african-american musicians led to the development of jazz music in britain
57
Q

caribbean music: ‘ska’ - impact and origin

A
  • combination of calypso with american rhythm and blues
  • ska music developed into reggae
58
Q

how did religion change as a result of immigration

A
  • by the year 200, there were over 150 mosques in london and around 1500 in the uk
  • 5% of the population was muslim
  • by 2020, hindu population in the uk was 1 million
  • black people migrating were often strongly committed to the christian faith, black archbishops and bishops and reverends

Paper 1 History - Migrants in Britain (Edexcel) (5 decks)

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