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MIP 300 > Unit 4 Lectures > Flashcards

Unit 4 Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What is vertical gene transfer?

A

Gene transfer through sexual reproduction

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2
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

Genetic material transferred w/o reproduction

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3
Q

What are the three types of horizontal gene transfer?

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
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4
Q

What is gene transfer through transformation?

A

Uptake of free DNA from environment by living cell

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5
Q

What is gene transfer through transduction?

A

Transfer of genetic material between organsims via a virus

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6
Q

What is gene transfer via conjugation?

A

Direct transfer of DNA between two cells through physical contact.

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7
Q

What is recombination?

A

genes from donor cell to recipient cell, DNA is combined into recipients DNA

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8
Q

what is homologous recombination and in what type of gene transfer does it occur?

A

Donor ssDNA recombines with host chromosomes

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9
Q

What is a competent cell?

A

A cell that can take up DNA

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10
Q

What are bacterial plasmids?

A

small circular pieces of dsDNA, not essential to survival

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11
Q

Replicons in a bacterial plasmid:

A

Contain origins of replication that are independently replicating and use host cell machinery to replicate

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12
Q

What are episomes?

A

Episomes are a specific type of plasmid that can integrate into a bacterial chromosome and exist either as part of the host genome or independently in the cytoplasm

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13
Q

What are conjugative plasmids

A

Carry genes for conjugation: pili & sex pili

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14
Q

Conjugative plasmids and episomes are what type of plasmid?

A

Fertility (F) plasmids

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15
Q

What are Resistance (R) plasmids:

A

carry genes that confer resistance to antibiotics

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16
Q

What are virulence plasmids?

A

contain genes to make to make bacteria more virulent

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17
Q

What are metabolic plasmids?

A

Contain genes that allow bacteria to metabolize new substances

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18
Q

What are the two types of conjugation?

A

Plasmid Transfer
Chromosome transfer

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19
Q

What are the four steps of plasmid
transfer?

A
  1. Sex pilus from F+ to F- cell
  2. Mobilization of DNA transfer - enzyme cleaves one strand of plasmid DNA at origin of transfer.
  3. F plasmid transfer - 1 strand of DNA transferred from donor to recipient (each cell has 1/2 of the DNA)
  4. Complementary strands synthesized in each cell.
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20
Q

What is Hfr Chromosome transfer?

A

Where integration of F plasmid (episome) causes high frequency of host gene transfer upon conjugation.

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21
Q

ALL viruses contain:

A

One type of nucleic acid
Protein coat or capsid

22
Q

Difference between virus and virion?

A

Virus is outside or inside a cell, virion is only outside.

23
Q

What is the typical viral life cycle?

A
  1. Adsorption of virus to cell receptors
  2. Penetration of virus into cell
  3. Eclipse period (reproduction of genome)
  4. Assembly of viral particles & release from cell.
24
Q

What is adsorption?

A

When a phage attaches to bacteria

25
Q

What is penetration

A

Phage injects DNA into a cell

26
Q

What are the steps of Lytic cycle of virulent phage

A
  1. Adsorption
  2. penetration
  3. cell produces phage DNA, RNA, & proteins, cellular DNA degraded
  4. Phage components assemble into new viral particles and cell is lysed, releasing virus.
27
Q

What are the steps of the lysogenic cycle of a temperate phage?

A
  1. adsorption
  2. penetration
  3. phage DNA enters lysogeny: prophage integrates into host chromosome at specific site when cell reproduces, the prophage is copied too.
  4. UV light causes prophage to be excised, phage then enters lytic cycle…
28
Q

What is a prophage?

A

viral DNA integrated into host cell genome, dormant.

29
Q

What is generalized transduction?

A

incorrect packaging of any DNA, if it fits, it sits.

30
Q

What types of phages can perform generalized transduction?

A

Virulent or temperate

31
Q

What are the steps of generalized transduction?

A
  1. Virulent or temperate phage
  2. any gene can be transferred
  3. during lytic cycle, cellular DNA degraded & phage particles formed.
  4. phage carrying bacterial genes can infect new bacteria. If DNA is integrate & carries new trait, transduction occurs
32
Q

What signals transduction?

A

Phage carries bacterial genes which is integrated an carries a new trait.

33
Q

Specialized transduction can only be carried through by

A

Temperate phages

34
Q

What are steps/key points of specialized transduction?

A
  1. temperate phage only
  2. genes near phage integration site most likely transferred
    3.when phage is excised, improper excision may occur, leaving part of prophage integrated within DNA, taking part of host DNA
  3. Phage enters lytic cycle
    5.
  4. when recombinant phage infects new cell, if host cell carries new trait, it is transduced.
35
Q

what does a viral envelope look like?

A

outer lipid bilayer membrane surrounding capsid.

36
Q

what is cytopathic effect of viruses?

A

clumpiness of cells which provides physical visualization of viral infection cell death or damage.

37
Q

How are viruses isolated?

A

differential or gradient centrifuagtion

38
Q

how are viruses quantified?

A

electron microscope, CPE in plaque assays, Heamagglutination, Immunohistochemistry

39
Q

What are the two tests for a virus?

A

ELISA, PCR

40
Q

Every virus has its own cell ____

A

surface receptor

41
Q

What uncoats nucleic acid from capsid during fusion of enveloped virus to cell plasma membrane?

A

Lysosome

42
Q

What causes a enveloped/budding release of virions from cell?

A

viral envelope proteins remaining in host cell

43
Q

What two viruses enter cell’s nucleus to replicate?

A

DNA & Retrovirus

44
Q

What determines bacteria ability to be transformed?

A

Competency

45
Q

WHat do plasmids hold?

A

genetic information

46
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

cleave phosphodiester bonds to cut specific recognition sequences.

47
Q

What does ligase do to DNA?

A

Connects DNA after it had been cut

48
Q

A leaky cell is a

A

competent one

49
Q

What does anneal mean?

A

bind

50
Q
A

MIP 300 (4 decks)

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