Unit 2 Lectures

Question 1

What is a symbiosis?

Answer 1

When an organism spends any portion of their life associated with an organism of another species

Question 2

What is a commensal relationship?

Answer 2

When one organism benefits, and the other is neither harmed or helped

Question 3

What is a Mutualistic relationship?

Answer 3

One where both parties benefit

Question 4

What is a Parasitic relationship?

Answer 4

One where one party benefits, the other organism is hurt

Question 5

What is normal flora?

Answer 5

Organisms that reside in body surface

Question 6

How can normal flora cause disease?

Answer 6

When they overgrow or grow in a new location

Question 7

Where is normal flora found?

Answer 7

Anywhere the body has contact with the environment (GI tract, to lungs, etc.)

Question 8

When will normal flora cause infection?

Answer 8

During surgery, injury, or immunosupression

Question 9

How can normal flora protect you?

Answer 9

1. Compete with pathogenic bacteria
2. produce antimicrobial substances
3. Produce beneficial chemicals like vitamins and serotonin
4. Stimulate the nervous system

Question 10

What is an infection?

Answer 10

When a parasite is multiplying in/on host

Question 11

What is an infectious disease

Answer 11

When host cant fx normally bc of parasite/it’s products

Question 12

What are pathogens?

Answer 12

Disease Causers

Question 13

What is pathogenicity?

Answer 13

An organisms ability to cause disease

Question 14

What is virulence?

Answer 14

Intensity of pathogenicity, indicated by mortality rates

Question 15

Signs vs symptoms

Answer 15

Signs - vital signs, objective
Symptoms - subjective feelings

Question 16

What is disease syndrome?

Answer 16

Where an infection or sickness presents with signs and symptoms common to a specific infection

Question 17

What are the steps to the infectious disease process?

Answer 17

1. Incubation
2. Prodromal
3. Illness
   4.Convalescence

Question 18

What is the incubation period?

Answer 18

period in between exposure and onset of disease.

Question 19

What is the prodromal stage?

Answer 19

When host starts feeling icky but not completely ill

Question 20

What is convalescence?

Answer 20

When host starts to feel better after illness

Question 21

What factors affect infectivity?

Answer 21

-transferability from host to host,
-ability to adhere to and colonize host
- ability to grow in host
- ability to avoid immune defenses
- Hiding within host cell

Question 22

What are exotoxins made up of?

Answer 22

4 types of protein

Question 23

What is a neurotoxin?

Answer 23

an exotoxin that affects the nervous system

Question 24

Whats an enterotoxin?

Answer 24

Toxins that affect GI (exotoxin)

Question 25

Whats a cytotoxin?

Answer 25

Toxin that affects cellular fx.

Question 26

What is a superantigen?

Answer 26

an overstimulation of the nervous system causing similar response to enotoxin.

Question 27

What are antitoxin antibodies produced for?

Answer 27

exotoxins

Question 28

what are toxoids?

Answer 28

heat/chemical used to inactivate toxins; used in vaccines

Question 29

Endotoxins are found only in what type of cell?

Answer 29

Gram negative

Question 30

Where are endotoxins located within a gram negative cell?

Answer 30

In lipopolysaccharide layer.

Question 31

Which is more potent, endotoxin or exotoxin?

Answer 31

Exotoxins

Question 32

There is no vaccine for ___toxins

Answer 32

endotoxins

Question 33

What is pathogenic potential

Answer 33

inducing immune response that causes damage to tissue (results in symptoms)

Question 34

What damage causes inflammatory damage to body tissue

Answer 34

Macrophages/neutrophils

Question 35

What antibodies cause damage in tissue?

Question 36

How do viruses cause damage in host cells?

Answer 36

By virus replication,when damage is significant, symptoms develop.

Question 37

what are some ways viruses avoid host defenses?

Answer 37

1. Regulate cell division in host cells 2. some evade the immune system

Question 38

What is an antigen?

Answer 38

Self & not self substances that elicit an immne response

Question 39

What conditions do skin provide as a barrier to infection?

Answer 39

Top cell layer is dead and constantly shedding, skin is salty and slightly accidic.

Question 40

How do microbes surpass skin?

Answer 40

Make chemicals an enxymes to invade skin.

Question 41

How are mucous membranes relevant to microbes?

Answer 41

- Traps microbes & prevents adhesion

Question 42

What weakens mucus defense?

Answer 42

Smoking, Asthma, Cystic fibrosis.

Question 43

What is the mucociliary escalator?

Answer 43

Where ciliated cells & mucus trap and propel microbes away from lungs into throat. ex: coughing, sneezing

Question 44

How do microbes bypass the mucosal membranes?

Answer 44

inhibit cilia action

Question 45

How does saliva work in the immune system?

Answer 45

Saliva has lots of enzymes to break down and kill bacteria.

Question 46

How do microbes respond to saliva?

Answer 46

They resist saliva, have storng adhesins, capsules, and slime layers

Question 47

How do microbes respond to stomach acid?

Answer 47

By being pH resistant, or developing resistant spores/cysts.

Question 48

What role does the urogenital tract play in immune response?

Answer 48

Urinary flushing, acidic vagina, antimicrobial enzymes in cervical mucus and prostatic fluid.

Question 49

How does the eye have immune defense?

Answer 49

constant lacrimal fluid flushing that contains lactoferrin & lysozymes.

Question 50

What is opsonization?

Answer 50

promotes phagocytosis by binding complements to viruses and bacteria so that they can be taken up by macrophages which have complement receptors.

Question 51

What is Membrane Attack Complex?

Answer 51

Direct lysis of bacteria and enveloped viruses.

Question 52

What protein is associated with MAC?

Answer 52

C9

Question 53

What protein is associated with Inflammation

Answer 53

C3a

Question 54

What are Type I interferons?

Answer 54

non specific immune defense toward viruses.