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MIP 300 > Unit 1 Lectures > Flashcards

Unit 1 Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Magnification = ____ x ____?

A

Objective x eyepiece

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2
Q

What is the ability of a lense to distinguish between objects that are close together?

A

Resolution / Resolving power

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3
Q

How large are human cells?

A

10-100mm diameter

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4
Q

What microscope can only see shape, size, and arrangement of bacteria cells?

A

Light microscope

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5
Q

What microscope must be used to see viruses?

A

electron microscope

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6
Q

Bright Field microscopes are used to see what type of cells?

A

Dead cells

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7
Q

What is heat fixing?

A

Kills bacteria and sticks it to the glass slide

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8
Q

What field microscope uses live cells?

A

Dark field Microscopy
Phase Contrast

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9
Q

Phat can phase contrast microscopy be used to see?

A

motility structures, organlles

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10
Q

What is fluorescent microscopy?

A

use of UV light to excite fluorescent molecules such as GFG.

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11
Q

What do basic dyes stick to?

A

Negatively charged structures
(DNA, Proteins, phospholipid bilayer)

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12
Q

What is the resolution of an electron microscope?

A

0.0005

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13
Q

What are some basic dyes?

A

Safranin, Malachite Green, Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet

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14
Q

What type of dye binds to positively charged structures?

A

Acid dyes
(dyes amino acids, cytoplasm)

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15
Q

What does a gram stain differentiate?

A

Type of cell wall of bacteria (+ or -)

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16
Q

What do acid-fast stains identify?

A

identifies bacteria that is neither gram + nor - but have a thick waxy layer or mycolic acids over them.

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17
Q

What two types of stains use heat?

A

Acif fast and Endospore staining

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18
Q

What color will non acid fast cells be in an acid fast stain?

A

blue/purple

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19
Q

What does endospore staining identify?

A

spore-producing bacteria.

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20
Q

What is a flagella stain?

A

Identifies bacteria that have flagella

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21
Q

What does cocci look like?

A

round and spherical

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22
Q

what does streptococci look lile?

A

Long chains of spheres.

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23
Q

what do staphyl cocci look like?

A

round shapes in random planes like grapes.

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24
Q

What formation do tetrads produce?

A

4 cell groups in two panes

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25
Q

What formation makes a sarcina?

A

8 cell groups in 3 planes

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26
Q

What are bacillus?

A

Rods

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27
Q

What are coccobacillus?

A

Short and wide rods that resemble cocci

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28
Q

Diplobacillus?

A

Paired rods

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29
Q

Streptobacillus?

A

Long chain or rods

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30
Q

What are vibrios?

A

curved rods, commas

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31
Q

Spirals?

A

long and twisted into corkscrews

32
Q

What is proper bacterial nomenclature?

A

Capital Genus, species, strain
ALL underlined

33
Q

What can be generally found in Eubacteria cell membranes?

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • hopanoids
  • proteins and glycoproteins
34
Q

What are the two main parts of the phospholipid bilayer? hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Head - hydrophilic
Tail - Hydrophobic

35
Q

What phospholipid is specific to bacteria?

A

phosphatidylethanolamine

36
Q

What are hopanoids?

A

Similar to steroids in eukaryotes, fx to stabilize membranes/

37
Q

WHat is the most abundant protein in the cell membrane?

A

Integral proteins

38
Q

What do glycoproteins attach to?

A

oligosaccharides

39
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane? (school)

A
  • Nutrient waste and transport (cafeteria)
    -transport secreted proteins (homework)
  • carry out metabolic processes (school)
  • Interactions with environment (security)
    Flagellar motors (school bus)
40
Q

What are chemotaxis receptors?

A

receptors in the cell membrane that can sense chemicals

41
Q

What is the cell envelope composed of?

A

peptidoglycan (ppg)

42
Q

What does ppg contain?

A

peptides and sugars

43
Q

Which bacteria do not have ppg?

A

mycoplasma & archaebacteria

44
Q

Lots of ppg in the cell wall indicates + or - ?

A

Gram positive cell wall

45
Q

minimal ppg in the cell wall indicates + or - ?

A

negative

46
Q

mycobacteria have what type of cell wall?

A

Acid fast bcs of mycolic acid cell wall

47
Q

What are the fx of cell wall?

A
  • Cell shape
  • osmotic pressure protection
  • protection from toxic substances
48
Q

What cell wall has a large periplasmic space between plasma membrane and outer membrane?

A

Gram negative

48
Q

What environment do most bacteria live in?

A

hypotonic environment (less solutes in environment than cell)

49
Q

where is the periplasmic space?

A

Space between plasma membrane and outermembrane

50
Q

The gram negative cell wall has what in its periplasmic space?

A

Periplasmic enzymes and thin ppg

51
Q

How do periplasmic enzymes fx?

A

Involved in nutrient acquisition, permeases & hydrolytic enzymes

52
Q

What do porin proteins do?

A

Allow small molecules to pass

53
Q

What transports larger molecules in the outer membrane?

A

permeases

54
Q

What does the outer membrane contain & why?

A
  • Porin proteins - small molecule pass
  • Permeases - large molecule transport
    -periplasmic enzymes - nutrient acquisition, permeases, hydrolytic enzymes
    -endotoxin - released when bacteria die
55
Q

What makes up endotoxin?

A

Lipid A - in OM bilayer, TOXIC PART
Core polysaccharide - unusual sugars
O antigen

56
Q

What is the toxic aspect of a cell wall?

A

Lipid A

57
Q

In positive cell wall, periplasmic space is…

A

very small

58
Q

Which cell wall type has a thick ppg?

A

Positive cell wall

59
Q

what are exoenxymes?

A

large amount of secreted enzymes what would be in the periplasmic space in gram negative.

60
Q

What is the primary stain for gram staining bacteria?

A

Crystal violet

61
Q

What does gram’s iodine do?

A

it is a mordant that binds crystal violet to the bacteria

62
Q

What is the decolorizer in a gram stain?

A

acetone or ethanol

63
Q

What does safranin do in a gram stain?

A

stains gram negative cells red/pink

64
Q

What are the components of peptidoglycan?

A

Carbohydrates & Amino Acids

65
Q

What is the backbone of ppg?

A

Carbohydrates: NAG & NAM

66
Q

How many amino acids are in ppg?

A

4
L-alanine
D-gutamic acid
-meso-DAP (L-lysine)
-D-alanine

67
Q

What carbohydrate are the amino acids in ppg attached to?

A

NAM

68
Q

How do NAG/NAM strands crosslink in gram negative bacteria?

A

via covalent bonds

69
Q

How do NAG/NAM strands crosslink in gram positive bacteria?

A

peptide interbridge

70
Q

What shape is PPG

A

helical

71
Q

How does penicillin target PPG?

A

Prevents cross-linking of adjacent NAM - NAG

72
Q

What two organelles arose due to a symbiotic relationship according to endosymbiont theory?

A

Mitochondria and Cytoplasm

73
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

Monera: bacteria, archeabacteria
Protista: protozoa
Fungi: yeast, mold, mushroom
Plantae: photosynthetic plants
Animalia: animals

74
Q

What are the 3 domains:

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archea
  3. Eukarya
75
Q

What is mycolic acid?

A

A waxy layer that surrounds some bacteria

76
Q
A

MIP 300 (4 decks)

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