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MIP 300 > Unit 1 Lectures > Flashcards

Unit 1 Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Magnification = ____ x ____?

A

Objective x eyepiece

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2
Q

What is the ability of a lense to distinguish between objects that are close together?

A

Resolution / Resolving power

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3
Q

How large are human cells?

A

10-100mm diameter

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4
Q

What microscope can only see shape, size, and arrangement of bacteria cells?

A

Light microscope

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5
Q

What microscope must be used to see viruses?

A

electron microscope

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6
Q

Bright Field microscopes are used to see what type of cells?

A

Dead cells

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7
Q

What is heat fixing?

A

Kills bacteria and sticks it to the glass slide

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8
Q

What field microscope uses live cells?

A

Dark field Microscopy
Phase Contrast

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9
Q

Phat can phase contrast microscopy be used to see?

A

motility structures, organlles

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10
Q

What is fluorescent microscopy?

A

use of UV light to excite fluorescent molecules such as GFG.

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11
Q

What do basic dyes stick to?

A

Negatively charged structures
(DNA, Proteins, phospholipid bilayer)

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12
Q

What is the resolution of an electron microscope?

A

0.0005

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13
Q

What are some basic dyes?

A

Safranin, Malachite Green, Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet

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14
Q

What type of dye binds to positively charged structures?

A

Acid dyes
(dyes amino acids, cytoplasm)

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15
Q

What does a gram stain differentiate?

A

Type of cell wall of bacteria (+ or -)

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16
Q

What do acid-fast stains identify?

A

identifies bacteria that is neither gram + nor - but have a thick waxy layer or mycolic acids over them.

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17
Q

What two types of stains use heat?

A

Acif fast and Endospore staining

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18
Q

What color will non acid fast cells be in an acid fast stain?

A

blue/purple

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19
Q

What does endospore staining identify?

A

spore-producing bacteria.

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20
Q

What is a flagella stain?

A

Identifies bacteria that have flagella

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21
Q

What does cocci look like?

A

round and spherical

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22
Q

what does streptococci look lile?

A

Long chains of spheres.

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23
Q

what do staphyl cocci look like?

A

round shapes in random planes like grapes.

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24
Q

What formation do tetrads produce?

A

4 cell groups in two panes

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25
What formation makes a sarcina?
8 cell groups in 3 planes
26
What are bacillus?
Rods
27
What are coccobacillus?
Short and wide rods that resemble cocci
28
Diplobacillus?
Paired rods
29
Streptobacillus?
Long chain or rods
30
What are vibrios?
curved rods, commas
31
Spirals?
long and twisted into corkscrews
32
What is proper bacterial nomenclature?
Capital Genus, species, strain ALL underlined
33
What can be generally found in Eubacteria cell membranes?
- Phospholipid bilayer - hopanoids - proteins and glycoproteins
34
What are the two main parts of the phospholipid bilayer? hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Head - hydrophilic Tail - Hydrophobic
35
What phospholipid is specific to bacteria?
phosphatidylethanolamine
36
What are hopanoids?
Similar to steroids in eukaryotes, fx to stabilize membranes/
37
WHat is the most abundant protein in the cell membrane?
Integral proteins
38
What do glycoproteins attach to?
oligosaccharides
39
What are the functions of the cell membrane? (school)
- Nutrient waste and transport (cafeteria) -transport secreted proteins (homework) - carry out metabolic processes (school) - Interactions with environment (security) Flagellar motors (school bus)
40
What are chemotaxis receptors?
receptors in the cell membrane that can sense chemicals
41
What is the cell envelope composed of?
peptidoglycan (ppg)
42
What does ppg contain?
peptides and sugars
43
Which bacteria do not have ppg?
mycoplasma & archaebacteria
44
Lots of ppg in the cell wall indicates + or - ?
Gram positive cell wall
45
minimal ppg in the cell wall indicates + or - ?
negative
46
mycobacteria have what type of cell wall?
Acid fast bcs of mycolic acid cell wall
47
What are the fx of cell wall?
- Cell shape - osmotic pressure protection - protection from toxic substances
48
What cell wall has a large periplasmic space between plasma membrane and outer membrane?
Gram negative
48
What environment do most bacteria live in?
hypotonic environment (less solutes in environment than cell)
49
where is the periplasmic space?
Space between plasma membrane and outermembrane
50
The gram negative cell wall has what in its periplasmic space?
Periplasmic enzymes and thin ppg
51
How do periplasmic enzymes fx?
Involved in nutrient acquisition, permeases & hydrolytic enzymes
52
What do porin proteins do?
Allow small molecules to pass
53
What transports larger molecules in the outer membrane?
permeases
54
What does the outer membrane contain & why?
- Porin proteins - small molecule pass - Permeases - large molecule transport -periplasmic enzymes - nutrient acquisition, permeases, hydrolytic enzymes -endotoxin - released when bacteria die
55
What makes up endotoxin?
Lipid A - in OM bilayer, TOXIC PART Core polysaccharide - unusual sugars O antigen
56
What is the toxic aspect of a cell wall?
Lipid A
57
In positive cell wall, periplasmic space is...
very small
58
Which cell wall type has a thick ppg?
Positive cell wall
59
what are exoenxymes?
large amount of secreted enzymes what would be in the periplasmic space in gram negative.
60
What is the primary stain for gram staining bacteria?
Crystal violet
61
What does gram's iodine do?
it is a mordant that binds crystal violet to the bacteria
62
What is the decolorizer in a gram stain?
acetone or ethanol
63
What does safranin do in a gram stain?
stains gram negative cells red/pink
64
What are the components of peptidoglycan?
Carbohydrates & Amino Acids
65
What is the backbone of ppg?
Carbohydrates: NAG & NAM
66
How many amino acids are in ppg?
4 L-alanine D-gutamic acid -meso-DAP (L-lysine) -D-alanine
67
What carbohydrate are the amino acids in ppg attached to?
NAM
68
How do NAG/NAM strands crosslink in gram negative bacteria?
via covalent bonds
69
How do NAG/NAM strands crosslink in gram positive bacteria?
peptide interbridge
70
What shape is PPG
helical
71
How does penicillin target PPG?
Prevents cross-linking of adjacent NAM - NAG
72
What two organelles arose due to a symbiotic relationship according to endosymbiont theory?
Mitochondria and Cytoplasm
73
What are the 5 kingdoms?
Monera: bacteria, archeabacteria Protista: protozoa Fungi: yeast, mold, mushroom Plantae: photosynthetic plants Animalia: animals
74
What are the 3 domains:
1. Bacteria 2. Archea 3. Eukarya
75
What is mycolic acid?
A waxy layer that surrounds some bacteria
76

MIP 300 (4 decks)

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