Unit 4: Internal Systems and Regulation Flashcards by Grace Ding

What is DIGESTION?

The process of mechanically and enzymatically breaking down food into substances for absorption into the bloodstream

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What is ORAL CAVITY?

The first portion of the digestive system (the mouth)
- Teeth
- Tongue
- Soft and hard palate

For eating and speaking

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What is PHARYNX?

The cavity that connects the oral cavity (mouth) and nasal cavity to the esophagus, trachea, and larynx region
Passageway for air to enter the larynx and lungs and food and liquid to enter the esophagus

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What is EPIGLOTTIS?

Flap of cartilage located in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx.
Seals off the trachea (windpipe) during eating, so that food/drink is not accidentally inhaled

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What is ESOPHAGUS?

Muscular tube that transports food/liquid from the throat to the stomach

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What is GASTRIC JUICE?

Combination of hydrochloric acid (HCl), lipase, and pepsin
Inactivates swallowed microorganisms, thereby inhibiting infectious agents from reaching the intestine.
Acid released into the stomach by glands in the stomach wall

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Job of STOMACH? Structure?

Produces enzymes and acids (stomach acid) to break down food (chemical digestion)
Churns food to break it down (mechanical digestion)

J-Shaped organ (has mucous cells that protect stomach lining, digestive juices inside for chem digestion, has muscle for mech. digestion)

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Job of SMALL INTESTINES? How does it DIGEST so much? Structure?

Digesting food, transporting food, absorbing nutrients from the food

Has many folds (mucosal folds), villi, and microvilli -> all increase the surface which allow it to absorb more nutrients

Long and coiled with three sections (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)

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Job of LARGE INTESTINES? Structure?

Reabsorb water and electrolytes (salts) and get rid of left over waste (poop)

Larger tube, goes around small intestines, contains colon, rectum, and anus. (ascending, transverse, descending)

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What does PANCREAS do?

Produces digestive juice with pancreatic enzymes to break down foods (aids in chemical digestion)

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What does GALL BLADDER do? Structure?

Stores and concentrates bile from the liver

Small, located under liver
Made of several tissue layers
3-4 inches long and 1 inch wide
Tapered at one end (pear shaped)

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What does LIVER do? Structure?

Filters/cleans blood that leaves the stomach and intestines
Removes waste from blood which will leave through urine or feces

2 main lobes
Very large organ
Top connects to heart, bottom connects to stomach

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What does SALIVA do?

Helps with digestion (helps to chew and swallow food)
Breaks down starch using salivary amylase (enzyme)

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What is an ENZYME?

Protein that speeds up metabolism/the chemical reactions in the body (biological catalyst)

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What is PEPSIN? What does it do?

Type of PROTEASE (category of enzyme that breaks down proteins) and breaks down food proteins into smaller peptides

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What is PERISTALSIS?

muscle contractions and relaxations which push food down to stomach through esophagus to stomach to intestines to rectum
all throughout the digestive tract -> moves stuff

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INHALATION vs EXHALATION

Inhalation is taking IN air (oxygenated)
Exhalation is giving OUT air (carbon dioxide-rich)
The two go hand in hand as the basic processes of breathing

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OPEN vs CLOSED CIRCULATION

OPEN
- blood flows freely through cavities as there are no vessels to conduct blood
- primarily found in invertebrates (e.g. grasshopper)

CLOSED
- blood flows through a system of vessels which guides the blood through the body
- primarily found in vertebrates (and some invertebrates like earthworms)

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Job of NASAL CAVITY?

Humidifies, warms, and filters air (for respiratory system)

Job of LARYNX?

Sound box - passageway for air between the pharynx (above) and the trachea (below)

Job of LUNGS?

Oxygenating blood (and breathing)
When air enters the lungs, it is oxygen rich. That oxygen then oxygenates the blood coming from the pulmonary artery.

Job of TRACHEA?

Carry air in and out of the lungs

Job of DIAPHRAGM? What is it?

Muscle that helps with inhaling and exhaling. (increasing and decreasing space in the chest cavity)

What are BRONCHI?

Large tubes that direct air from the trachea to the left and right lungs.

What are BRONCHIOLES?

Tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs (carry air from the bronchi to the alveoli)

What is GAS EXCHANGE?

Exchange of gases by the respiratory system. Exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide. Oxygen from lungs -> into blood CO2 from the blood -> into the lungs

Job of ALVEOLI? What are they?

Performing gas exchange in the lungs. They are tiny air sacs at the ends of bronchioles.

VILLI and MICROVILLI?

Villi - the folds that make little projections that stick into the open space in small intestines - covered in cells for nutrient absorption Microvilli - little hairlike structures on the villi cells with absorb even more nutrients

What is MUCUS?

Substance made by mucous membranes that moistens and protects Lines many body parts

What is VITAL CAPACITY?

The max. amt. of air someone can expel after a max. inhalation (max to min distance)

ATRIUM, VALVES, VENTRICLE

Receives blood into heart, goes trough valve to get to ventricle, ventricle pumps blood to artery which pushes blood elsewhere

ARTERIES vs VEINS

Arteries = away, veins = towards (carry blood away from/to the heart)

What is PULMONARY CIRC.?

System that moves deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated before going into circulation for the rest of the body (systemic circulation)

What is CORONARY CIRC.?

Circulation of blood in the arteries and veins Coronary arteries supply oxygen rich blood to the heart

What is AORTA?

Largest artery in the body Carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to vessels that reach the rest of the body

What are CAPILLARIES?

small delicate blood vessels that exist throughout the body. they transport blood, nutrients, and oxygen to the cells through the body.

What is PLASMA?

the liquid component of blood material that moves nutrients, hormones, and proteins. also removes waste from body (from the cells)

What are LEUKOCYTES/WHITE BLOOD CELLS?

made in bone marrow - exists in our blood and tissues part of body's immune system - fights infection and other diseases

What is HEMOGLOBIN?

a protein inside red blood cells that carries O2 from the lungs to tissues and organs. carries CO2 back to lungs transportation protein

What are ERYTHROCYTES/RED BLOOD CELLS?

made in bone marrow - exists in our blood most common type of blood cell contains hemoglobin - delivers oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body

What are PLATELETS?

tiny disc-shaped piece of cell found in the blood and spleen help form blood clots - for wounds

What is HEART RATE?

number of times the heart beats per minute (normal resting 60-100 bpm)

What is BLOOD PRESSURE?

the pressure within the major arterial system (the arteries in the body) of the body (mmhg)

SYSTOLIC/SYSTOLE vs DIASTOLIC/DIASTOLE

systolic - blood pressure during contraction systole - when the heart contracts (blood is pushed out of heart chambers) diastolic - blood pressure at rest diastole - the relaxed phase of cardiac cycle (blood fills heart chambers)

What are LYMPHOCYTES?

type of white blood cell present in the blood and lymphatic systems high count - infection, cancer, or other autoimmune disease low count - after infection bonds to foreign substances and removes them from the body - immune support

What is CLOTTING?

platelets and plasma proteins stop excessive bleeding by forming a clot over the injury. occurs when a blood vessel is damaged.