Unit 2: Genetics Flashcards
What is DNA?
- Hereditary material which makes up genes in organisms
- “Biological instructions”
- Double stranded
- Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus + a little in the mitochondria
- Base of ATCG
What is RNA?
- Codes for proteins (protein synthesis)
- Single stranded
- Located in the nucleus and cytoplasm
What does ADENINE-THYMINE mean?
- In DNA, adenine and thymine pair together (complementary)
- The amt. of adenine in DNA should be equal to the amt. of thymine
What does CYTOSINE-GUANINE mean?
- In DNA, the bases of cytosine and guanine pair together
- Amt. of cytosine = guanine
What is PHOSPHATE?
Forms part of the backbone of the DNA double helix that provides structural support to the molecule
What is RIBOSE?
A sugar that forms the backbone of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
What is CHROMOSOME?
A DNA molecule that contains the genetic information for an organism
What is CHROMATIN?
A mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of organisms
What is CHROMATID?
- One of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division.
- Two “sister” chromatids are joined at a constricted region of the chromosome called the centromere
CHROMOSOME vs CHROMATIN vs CHROMATID
Chromatin condenses into… Chromosome/Chromatid/Sister Chromatids
What is DNA REPLICATION?
- The process by which the DNA is copied in cells
- Allows two identical daughter cells to have identical DNA
Explain the MITOSIS CELL CYCLE
PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) then cytokinesis
*Draw a diagram
Explain the STAGES OF MEIOSIS
PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) then cytokinesis
*Draw a diagram
What is AESEXUAL REPRODUCTION?
- Type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes
- Production of offspring by a single parent
What is SEXUAL REPRODUCTION? What is ZYGOTE?
A gamete with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote (fertilized egg) that develops into an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes.
What is a GENE?
- Short section of DNA
- Instructions that tell your cells to make molecules called proteins.
- Instructions that determine your features, such as eye colour, hair colour and height.
What are HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS?
- a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization.
- pair #1…pair #22 from largest to smallest
What are GAMETES?
- Produced in the gonads
- Product of meiosis (which involves germ cells)
MALE: sperm, produced in the testes
FEMALE: “eggs” or ova, produced in the ovaries
AUTOSOMAL vs SEX-LINKED
AUTOSOMAL: chromosome(s) 1-22
SEX-LINKED: chromosome(s) 23
MATERNAL vs PATERNAL
Two sets of chromosomes in each person, one set of 23 from their mother, another set of 23 from their father
Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
HOMOZYGOUS vs HETEROZYGOUS
Two copies of a gene is considered homozygous for that trait, different copies of a gene for a particular trait is considered heterozygous for that trait
e.g. AA vs Ab
Homozygous dominant vs heterozygous
What are ALLELES?
The alternative form or versions of a gene
e.g. if I were looking at the gene trait for har colour, one might have a BROWN ALLELE or a BLACK ALLELE or a BLOND ALLELE
GENOTYPE vs PHENOTYPE
GENOTYPE
An organism’s genetic makeup
e.g. BB, Bb, bb
PHENOTYPE
The observable and expressed physical traits
e.g. Purple, Purple, White
What is a TRAIT?
A specific characteristic of an individual
