Unit 4 - Human Body Structures Flashcards
Metabolism
- catabolism (breakdown) + anabolism (building)
- How long stored nrg –> working nrg
Factors the affect metabolic rate
- Size
- Sex
- Age
- Hereditary factors
Six Essential Nutrients
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Water
- Vitamins
- Minerals
Carbohydrates
- Organic compounds of C, H, O
- Gives glucose
Proteins
- Give enzymes not created
- Built from 20 amino acids
Lipids
- Triglycerids w/3 fatty acid
- Saturated are solid
- Unsaturated are liquid
Vitamins
- Co-enzymes, joining specific proteins, facilite things
Vitamin C
Help repair wound, tissues cartilage, bones, teeth
Vitamin D
- Help absorption of P * Ca
- Deficiencies leads to rickets
Minerals
Inorganic compounds lost through sweat & urine
Water
- Composes 90% of blood
- Transports nutrients, waste, regular body
Acessory Organs
- Salivary glands
- Liver
- Pancreas
Chemical Digestion
- Breaks micronutrients into proteins, aminos
- Stomach uses mechanical + chemical
Mouth
- Oral Cavity
- Hard & Soft Palate
- Tonsils
- Teeth
- Uvula
- Pharynx
- Tongue
- Saliva
Teeth
- Incisors for biting
- Canines for grasping/tearing
- Premolars/molars for grinding
Saliva
- Has amylase to turn starches into disaccharides
- 0.75 to 1.0 L per day
- Bolus
Swallowing needs (Esophagaus)
- Coordination of tongue, soft palate, esophagaus, pharynx
- Bolus forced by tongue
- Epiglottis, soft palate closes to stop inhaling
- Pharyngeal involuntary contracts into esophagaus
- Gastroesophageal sphicter opens up
Stomach
- Cardiac/gas sphincter
- Serosa
- Muscularis
- Submucosa
- Mucosa
- Pyloric Sphincter
- Duodenum
Serosa
- Keeps in place
- Fluid outside, less friction
Muscularis
- Contracts to mix gastric juice, making chyme
- Longitudinal muscle (up/down)
- Circular muscle (sideways)
- Oblique muscle (diagonal)
Gastric Juice
- Pepsin & pepsinogen partially digests protein > peptides
- HCL acid, kill bacteria
- Intrinsic factors for B12 absorption
- Secreted in cells, regulating glands
Submucosa
Nerves & Blood Vessels
Mucosa
- Gastric juice (ensymes, acid, mucus)
- Rugae (folds)
Stomach Habits
- Absorbs H2O, glucose, ions, alcohol
- Turns over every 2-3days
- Heliocobacter pylori cause stomach ulcers
Small Intestine
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Villi
- Ileum
Duodenum
- 30 cm long
- Bile (In liver, sotred in gall bladder) from bile duct for fat digestion
- Pancreatic juice has amylase (breaks malose), trypsin (protein > peptides > amino), lipase (lipid > fatty acids & glycerol), bicarb (neutrilization)
Jejunum
- 2m long
- Carbohydrase (dissaccharides > monosaccharides)
- Peptidase (peptides > amino)
Villi & Microvilli
- Increase SA 2x & 600x
- Epithelium 1 cell thick w/capillaries (blood), lacteal (lymphatic, absorbs fatty acids & glycerol)
Liver
- Removes Glucose
- Stores as glycogen, amino acids for bile
Pancreas
Makes hydrolytic enzymes & alkaline solution
Peritoneum & Mesentens
- Membrane lining cavity
- Membrane holding intestine together
Large Intestine Functions
- Reabsorb H2O, vitamins, compacts feces
- Feces have H2O,inorganic salts, bacteria, dead cells, cellulose, fibre
Large Intestine
- Sphincter valve (btwn large & small)
- Appendix
- Ascending colon
- Traverse colon
- Descending colon
- Sigmond colon
- Rectum
Arteries & Arterioles
Travel away from heart
Hierarchy of Arteries
Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries
Artery made up of
- Endothelium
- Smooth muscles
- Connective Tissue
Veins & Venules
Travel towards hearts
Veins are
- Thinner smooth muscles
- Valves for backflow
Venules
- Smallest vein
- Capillaries > vein
Varicose Veins
- More blood from age
- Less elasticity
Spides Veins
- Valves stop working
- Caused by hereditary & lifestyle
Heart
- Superior vena cava
- R/L pulmonary artery
- R/L pulmonary beins
- R/L atrium
- Semilunar Valve
- Tricuspid
- Papillary muscles
- R/L ventricle
- Aorta
- Bicuspid Valve
- Aortic Semilunar Valve
Atria
- Blood from veins
- Thinner than ventricles
Ventricles
- PUmps blood to arteries
- LS thicker than RS
Systole & Diastole
- Contracts
- Relax
- Cardiac cycle = S + D
Blood Pressure
- Measure of pressure against artery walls
- Systolic (top) force when contracted
- Diastolic (bottom) force when relax
Hypotension
- Not treated unless symptoms
- Can be caused by hot tub (fainting)
Circuit Systems
- Systemic circuit (body, head)
- Pulmonary circuit (heart, lungs)
Open Circulatory Systems
- Hemolymph
- No true heart, vessels
- Low BP
Closer Circulatory Systems
- Faster flow
- Eliminates waste quicker
Blood Contains
- Cellular components
- Intercellular matrix
Cellular Components
- Erythrocytes (RBC)
- Leukocytes (WBC)
- Platelets (clot)
Intercellular Matrix (Plasma)
- H2O (solvent)
- Plasma proteins (albumins, globulin, fibrinogen)
- Minerals, salts, ions
Red Blood Cells
- Have hemoglobin
- Flexible
- Macrophages in spleen for old RBCs
White Blood Cell Types
- Neutrophils for ingesting small bacteria
- Lymphocytes for antibodies
- Monocytes ingest foreign bodies (largest)
- Eosinophils internal parasite
- Basophils histamins, heparin (reduce clotting/fight infections)
Respiratory System
- Mouth
- Nasal Passage
- Pharynx
- Epigolitis
- Glottis
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Pleural Membrane
- Lungs
- Intercoastal Muscles
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
Gas is exchanged through
- Difussion
- Not all O2 or CO2 diffused
Mechanism of Inhaling
- External intercostal muscles expand
- Diaphragm flattens, decreasing pressure
- Air enters lungs
Pleural Membrane
Frictionless stops rubbing against ribs
Vital Capacity
- Maximum voluntary capacity
- VC = TC + IRV + ERV
Lines of Defenses
- Nasal hairs trap airborne particles
- Mucus
- Cilia
- Sneezing
- Coughing
Mucus
- Covers entire tract
- Made by epithelium
- Waterproofs
- Increases for pathogens/allergens
Cilia
- Moves mucus towards throat
- Sends unwanted pathogens to stomach
Sneezing & Coughing happens from
- Aggravated nasal muscosa
- Coughing controlled by medulla oblongata
- Building pressure in glottis
Pneumonia causes
Puss filled alveoli
Anterior
Toward the head
Posterior
Toward the hind
Dorsal
Upper/back surface
Lateral
Sides
Superficial
Close to surface
Proximal
CLose to
Distal
Far from
Pig Dissection Organs
- Epiglottis
- Larynx
- Esophagaus
- Trachea
- Lungs
- Heart
- Pericardium
- Diaphragm
- Liver
- Stomach
- Pancreas
- Spleen
- Small intestine
- Menensary
- Umbilical cord
- Rectum
- Anus
