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SBI3U1 - Biology > Unit 4 - Human Body Structures > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Human Body Structures Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A
  • catabolism (breakdown) + anabolism (building)
  • How long stored nrg –> working nrg
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2
Q

Factors the affect metabolic rate

A
  • Size
  • Sex
  • Age
  • Hereditary factors
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3
Q

Six Essential Nutrients

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Water
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
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4
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Organic compounds of C, H, O
  • Gives glucose
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5
Q

Proteins

A
  • Give enzymes not created
  • Built from 20 amino acids
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6
Q

Lipids

A
  • Triglycerids w/3 fatty acid
  • Saturated are solid
  • Unsaturated are liquid
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7
Q

Vitamins

A
  • Co-enzymes, joining specific proteins, facilite things
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8
Q

Vitamin C

A

Help repair wound, tissues cartilage, bones, teeth

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9
Q

Vitamin D

A
  • Help absorption of P * Ca
  • Deficiencies leads to rickets
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10
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic compounds lost through sweat & urine

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11
Q

Water

A
  • Composes 90% of blood
  • Transports nutrients, waste, regular body
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12
Q

Acessory Organs

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
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13
Q

Chemical Digestion

A
  • Breaks micronutrients into proteins, aminos
  • Stomach uses mechanical + chemical
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14
Q

Mouth

A
  • Oral Cavity
  • Hard & Soft Palate
  • Tonsils
  • Teeth
  • Uvula
  • Pharynx
  • Tongue
  • Saliva
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15
Q

Teeth

A
  • Incisors for biting
  • Canines for grasping/tearing
  • Premolars/molars for grinding
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16
Q

Saliva

A
  • Has amylase to turn starches into disaccharides
  • 0.75 to 1.0 L per day
  • Bolus
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17
Q

Swallowing needs (Esophagaus)

A
  • Coordination of tongue, soft palate, esophagaus, pharynx
  • Bolus forced by tongue
  • Epiglottis, soft palate closes to stop inhaling
  • Pharyngeal involuntary contracts into esophagaus
  • Gastroesophageal sphicter opens up
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18
Q

Stomach

A
  • Cardiac/gas sphincter
  • Serosa
  • Muscularis
  • Submucosa
  • Mucosa
  • Pyloric Sphincter
  • Duodenum
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19
Q

Serosa

A
  • Keeps in place
  • Fluid outside, less friction
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20
Q

Muscularis

A
  • Contracts to mix gastric juice, making chyme
  • Longitudinal muscle (up/down)
  • Circular muscle (sideways)
  • Oblique muscle (diagonal)
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21
Q

Gastric Juice

A
  • Pepsin & pepsinogen partially digests protein > peptides
  • HCL acid, kill bacteria
  • Intrinsic factors for B12 absorption
  • Secreted in cells, regulating glands
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22
Q

Submucosa

A

Nerves & Blood Vessels

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23
Q

Mucosa

A
  • Gastric juice (ensymes, acid, mucus)
  • Rugae (folds)
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24
Q

Stomach Habits

A
  • Absorbs H2O, glucose, ions, alcohol
  • Turns over every 2-3days
  • Heliocobacter pylori cause stomach ulcers
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25
Q

Small Intestine

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Villi
  • Ileum
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26
Q

Duodenum

A
  • 30 cm long
  • Bile (In liver, sotred in gall bladder) from bile duct for fat digestion
  • Pancreatic juice has amylase (breaks malose), trypsin (protein > peptides > amino), lipase (lipid > fatty acids & glycerol), bicarb (neutrilization)
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27
Q

Jejunum

A
  • 2m long
  • Carbohydrase (dissaccharides > monosaccharides)
  • Peptidase (peptides > amino)
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28
Q

Villi & Microvilli

A
  • Increase SA 2x & 600x
  • Epithelium 1 cell thick w/capillaries (blood), lacteal (lymphatic, absorbs fatty acids & glycerol)
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29
Q

Liver

A
  • Removes Glucose
  • Stores as glycogen, amino acids for bile
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30
Q

Pancreas

A

Makes hydrolytic enzymes & alkaline solution

31
Q

Peritoneum & Mesentens

A
  • Membrane lining cavity
  • Membrane holding intestine together
32
Q

Large Intestine Functions

A
  • Reabsorb H2O, vitamins, compacts feces
  • Feces have H2O,inorganic salts, bacteria, dead cells, cellulose, fibre
33
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • Sphincter valve (btwn large & small)
  • Appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Traverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmond colon
  • Rectum
34
Q

Arteries & Arterioles

A

Travel away from heart

35
Q

Hierarchy of Arteries

A

Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries

36
Q

Artery made up of

A
  • Endothelium
  • Smooth muscles
  • Connective Tissue
37
Q

Veins & Venules

A

Travel towards hearts

38
Q

Veins are

A
  • Thinner smooth muscles
  • Valves for backflow
39
Q

Venules

A
  • Smallest vein
  • Capillaries > vein
40
Q

Varicose Veins

A
  • More blood from age
  • Less elasticity
41
Q

Spides Veins

A
  • Valves stop working
  • Caused by hereditary & lifestyle
42
Q

Heart

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • R/L pulmonary artery
  • R/L pulmonary beins
  • R/L atrium
  • Semilunar Valve
  • Tricuspid
  • Papillary muscles
  • R/L ventricle
  • Aorta
  • Bicuspid Valve
  • Aortic Semilunar Valve
43
Q

Atria

A
  • Blood from veins
  • Thinner than ventricles
44
Q

Ventricles

A
  • PUmps blood to arteries
  • LS thicker than RS
45
Q

Systole & Diastole

A
  • Contracts
  • Relax
  • Cardiac cycle = S + D
46
Q

Blood Pressure

A
  • Measure of pressure against artery walls
  • Systolic (top) force when contracted
  • Diastolic (bottom) force when relax
47
Q

Hypotension

A
  • Not treated unless symptoms
  • Can be caused by hot tub (fainting)
48
Q

Circuit Systems

A
  • Systemic circuit (body, head)
  • Pulmonary circuit (heart, lungs)
49
Q

Open Circulatory Systems

A
  • Hemolymph
  • No true heart, vessels
  • Low BP
50
Q

Closer Circulatory Systems

A
  • Faster flow
  • Eliminates waste quicker
51
Q

Blood Contains

A
  • Cellular components
  • Intercellular matrix
52
Q

Cellular Components

A
  • Erythrocytes (RBC)
  • Leukocytes (WBC)
  • Platelets (clot)
53
Q

Intercellular Matrix (Plasma)

A
  • H2O (solvent)
  • Plasma proteins (albumins, globulin, fibrinogen)
  • Minerals, salts, ions
54
Q

Red Blood Cells

A
  • Have hemoglobin
  • Flexible
  • Macrophages in spleen for old RBCs
55
Q

White Blood Cell Types

A
  • Neutrophils for ingesting small bacteria
  • Lymphocytes for antibodies
  • Monocytes ingest foreign bodies (largest)
  • Eosinophils internal parasite
  • Basophils histamins, heparin (reduce clotting/fight infections)
56
Q

Respiratory System

A
  • Mouth
  • Nasal Passage
  • Pharynx
  • Epigolitis
  • Glottis
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Pleural Membrane
  • Lungs
  • Intercoastal Muscles
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
57
Q

Gas is exchanged through

A
  • Difussion
  • Not all O2 or CO2 diffused
58
Q

Mechanism of Inhaling

A
  • External intercostal muscles expand
  • Diaphragm flattens, decreasing pressure
  • Air enters lungs
59
Q

Pleural Membrane

A

Frictionless stops rubbing against ribs

60
Q

Vital Capacity

A
  • Maximum voluntary capacity
  • VC = TC + IRV + ERV
61
Q

Lines of Defenses

A
  • Nasal hairs trap airborne particles
  • Mucus
  • Cilia
  • Sneezing
  • Coughing
62
Q

Mucus

A
  • Covers entire tract
  • Made by epithelium
  • Waterproofs
  • Increases for pathogens/allergens
63
Q

Cilia

A
  • Moves mucus towards throat
  • Sends unwanted pathogens to stomach
64
Q

Sneezing & Coughing happens from

A
  • Aggravated nasal muscosa
  • Coughing controlled by medulla oblongata
  • Building pressure in glottis
65
Q

Pneumonia causes

A

Puss filled alveoli

66
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the head

67
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the hind

68
Q

Dorsal

A

Upper/back surface

69
Q

Lateral

A

Sides

70
Q

Superficial

A

Close to surface

71
Q

Proximal

A

CLose to

72
Q

Distal

A

Far from

73
Q

Pig Dissection Organs

A
  • Epiglottis
  • Larynx
  • Esophagaus
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
  • Heart
  • Pericardium
  • Diaphragm
  • Liver
  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
  • Spleen
  • Small intestine
  • Menensary
  • Umbilical cord
  • Rectum
  • Anus

SBI3U1 - Biology (3 decks)

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