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SBI3U1 - Biology > Unit 3 - Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution

A

Driven by mutations (aleles, phenotypes) overtime in species

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2
Q

Evolution causes

A
  • Survival of the fit enough to pass on genes
  • Creates variation, not all variations become adaptations
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3
Q

Adaptation Types

A
  • Structural (camouflage, mimicry)
  • Behavioural (spider web, migration)
  • Physiological, systemic response to specific environ (hibernation, venom)
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4
Q

Mutations are

A
  • +, - or neutral based on the environ
  • Can occur spontaneously/mutagens (UV rays)
  • Only passed on in gametes, if good it becomes selective advantage
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5
Q

Natural Selection

A

Favoured mutations/adaptations by nature for better survival based on environment causing variation, competition

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6
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

Change in hemoglobin making heterozygous alleles resistant to malaria

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7
Q

Selective Pressures

A

Biotic (animals) & abiotic (environment)

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8
Q

Artifical Selection

A
  • Doesn’t improve fitness (ability to live & reproduce better)
  • Can’t create new alleles
  • Can causes health problems/disabilities
  • Reduces diversity
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9
Q

Monoculture

A

Same species of plane, causing lack of variety

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10
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

Gaining new allele from diff species

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11
Q

Transitional Fossils

A

Show organisms w/similarities to 2 groups

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12
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

Useless structures once used by drive ancestor

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13
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of how organisms distribute in world

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14
Q

The way similar species spread out

A
  • Location > environ
  • Close environ over similar environ
  • Close related species never found in same spot
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15
Q

Homologous Structure

A

Same structure, origin but diff job

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16
Q

Analogous Structure

A

Same job but diff origin & structure

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17
Q

All living organisms use

A
  • DNA, ATP and same enzymes
  • Cytochrome C found in almost all organisms
18
Q

Gene pool

A

All alleles frequencies in pop

19
Q

Gene Flow

A

Movement of alleles from pop bc of migration

20
Q

Non-random mating

A

Mating pattern for particular phenotype/inbreeding (increasing homozygous genotype)

21
Q

Sexual Selection

A
  • Favouring trait to enhancing mating success
  • Causes sexual dismorphism (sex of same species have diff traits)
22
Q

Mechanism of Evolution

A
  • Mutation in DNA
  • Gene flow
  • Non-random mating
  • Sexual selection
  • Genetic Drift
  • Natural Selection
23
Q

Genetic Drift (Mechanism of Evolution)

A

-Way of changing pop through chance
- Founder effect
- Bottleneck (Fire, Floods)

24
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

Theory that large pops more likely to have constant allele frequencies over gens

25
Q

Types of Natural Selection

A
  • Stabilizing selection (average)
  • Directional selection (one extreme)
  • Disruptive selection (both extremes)
26
Q

Reproductive Isolation causes

A

Same species to become distinctly different that they can’t breed w/each other

27
Q

Types of Speciation

A
  • Formation of new species (macroevolution)
  • Sympatric
  • Allopatric
  • Reproductive
28
Q

Prevention of Mating

A
  • Behavioural Isolation
  • Ecological Isolation (Diff environ)
  • Temporal Isolation (TIme, SZN) [BET]
29
Q

Prevention of Fertilization

A
  • Mechanical Isolation (Diff morphology)
  • Gametic Isolation (Sperm doesn’t fuse w/gamete or can’t survive in canal)
30
Q

Prevention of Hybrids

A
  • Zygotic mortality (Doesn’t develop)
  • Hybrid Inviability (Genetic incompability)
  • Hybrid Infertility
31
Q

Hybrid Breakdown

A

1st Hybrid sucessful but 2nd gen creates weak/sterile offspring

32
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Evolution of pop into diff speices in same region (from plant change, non rando mating)

33
Q

Allopatric speciation

A
  • Evolution of population into diff species from region isolation
  • Adaptive radiation diversification of common ancestral into diff species (Darwin’s Finches)
34
Q

Polyploidy from sympatric speciation

A
  • Doubing chromosomes
  • Make fertile w/same species, not w/og
35
Q

Macroevolution & Microevolution

A
  • Large evolution of new species & taxa
  • Change in gene frequencies
36
Q

Abiogenesis

A

Formation of life from non-living matter

37
Q

Theory of Gradualism

A

New species gradually get more distinct

38
Q

Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium

A
  • Process of evolution is slow
  • Sometimes new species evolve quickly in evolutionary times
  • Speciation happens in small pop, leaving little transitional fossils
  • After initial start, added changes are slow
39
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Differences btwn closely related population within species

40
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Indep evolution of similar features in species of diff period

41
Q

Parallel Evolution

A

Same development of trait bc of pressure, not closely related

42
Q

Founder’s Effect

A
  • Type of allopatric speciation
  • Small isolated population start new isolated pop

SBI3U1 - Biology (3 decks)

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