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SBI3U1 - Biology > Unit 1 & 2 - Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 1 & 2 - Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Genes can

A
  • Turn on and off
  • Be decoded by ribosomes to build protein
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2
Q

Each cells has

A

Exact set of genes turned on in diff type of cell

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3
Q

DNA is made up of

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
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4
Q

Nucleotide

A

Phosphate group, carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

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5
Q

Sequence

A

Order of nucleotides

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6
Q

DNA is made by

A
  • Splitting DNA w/enzymes
  • Matching other enzymes (AwT and CwG)
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7
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA molecule coding for certain trait

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8
Q

Locus

A

Location of gene on chromosome

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9
Q

Allele

A

One of two+ versions of genetic sequence in specific location on chromosome

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10
Q

Homologous

A

Same structure and position

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11
Q

Mitosis

A

Repairs/creates new cell & chromosome # is maintained

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12
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Creates gametes w/half chromosomes for reproduction (haploid)
  • Results in ova/sperm
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13
Q

Human Somatic Cells

A
  • Diploid
  • 23 maternal & paternal set
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14
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Chromoes that code for the same genes

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15
Q

Sperms cells are made by

A

Spermatogonia in testes

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16
Q

Eggs are made by

A

oogonia in ovaries

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17
Q

Plants make

A

pollen and ovules

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18
Q

Interphase I

A

Germ cell replicates DNA (92)

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19
Q

Prophase I

A
  • Homologous chromosomes link, condense to make tetrads
  • Crossing over to exchange info from non-sister chromatids (genetic variation)
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20
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • Microtubules move chromosomes to metaphase plate
  • Random assortment (genetic variation)
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21
Q

Anaphase I

A
  • Chromosomes seperate but sister chromatids stay together (46)
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22
Q

Prophase II

A
  • New spindle fibres form
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23
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chrromatids line up

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24
Q

Anaphase II

A

They seperate

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25
Q

Telophase II

A

Four haploid cells w/23 chromosomes

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26
Q

Meiosis for Egg Cells

A
  • Meiosis I divides to makes a 2ndary Oocyte & 1 polar body
  • Meiosis II divides making 1 egg and 2nd polar body
27
Q

Aneuploidy

A
  • Too many/few chromosomes from non-disjunction
28
Q

Non-disjunction

A

Homologous chromosomes don’t seperate

29
Q

Turner Sydrome

A

1 x, no y

30
Q

Kinefelter Syndrome

A

2 x, 1 y

31
Q

Patau Syndrome

A

Trisomy of 13

32
Q

Edwards Syndrome

A

Trisomy of 18

33
Q

Deplication/deletion

A

Chromosomes exchange info incorrectly in cross-over by changing genetic info

34
Q

Translocation

A

Transfer of DNA to wrong chromosome

35
Q

Gene Y has

A

SRY gene to control testicular & sperm developement

36
Q

Karyotype

A

Organizing chromosomes

37
Q

Genetic Screening

A
  • Taken from amniotic fluid, blood, bone marrow, placenta
38
Q

1 x, no y

A

Turner Syndrome

39
Q

2 x, 1 y

A

Kinefelter Syndrome

40
Q

Trisomy of 13

A

Patau Syndrome

41
Q

Trisomy of 18

A

Edwards Syndrome

42
Q

Monohybrid

A

Mixing of one trait

43
Q

Dihybrid

A

Mixing of two traits

44
Q

Allele

A

specific form of a gene

45
Q

Phenotype

A

Trait shown

46
Q

Genotype

A

Actual genetic make up

47
Q

Homozygous

A

Alleles are same

48
Q

Heterozygous

A

Alleles are different

49
Q

The Hybrid Ratios

A
  • 3:1
  • 9:3:3:1
50
Q

Codominance

A

Expression of heterozygous alleles

51
Q

Major Blood Types

A
  • Type A, Anti B
  • Type B, Anti A
  • Type AB, universal recipent
  • Type O, Anti A and B, universal donor
52
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Heterozygous alleles blend

53
Q

Sex-linked/x linked

A
  • Recessive disorders found on X chromosomes
  • Males more likely to express bc y gene doesn’t protect
54
Q

Pedigree Charts

A

Trace inheritance of trait in family

55
Q

Charles Darwin Proposed

A

Species branched from common ancestors so evolutionary relatedness could be used

56
Q

Phylogeny

A

Study of evolutionary relatedness between and among species

57
Q

Clade

A

Taxonomic group that includes single common ancestors & all descendant

58
Q

Pro & Con of Phylogeny

A
  • Pro: relatedness through genetics
  • Con: Takes time & money
59
Q

Ancestral Characteristic

A

Trait/feature from common ancestor of a clade

60
Q

Law of Segregation

A

During gamete formation only one of the two gene copies in an organism is distributed to each gamete

61
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Segregation of 2 pairs of alleles occurs independently

62
Q

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

A

Crossing over of 8 and 14

63
Q

Sex Linked Disorders

A
  • Hemophilia (no clots)
  • RG colour blindness
  • Male baldness
  • Diabetes insipudus (anitduratic hormone)
  • Menkes disease (kinky hair)

SBI3U1 - Biology (3 decks)

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