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COM 409 > Unit 4. (Final) > Flashcards

Unit 4. (Final) Flashcards

1
Q

typically refers to anything that came after and was influenced by the Enlightenment.

A

Modern

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2
Q

In terms of Modernism/ Post Modernism, the 20th century was a time of rediscovering Rhetoric as an

A

Interdisciplinary Theory of Language and Meaning-Making

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3
Q

The following quote is an example of what?

“The problem for Rhetorical theory after the birth of Enlightenment liberalism lies in the central role of moral autonomy in the emerging view of the liberal self. The very philosophy of liberal democracy itself was based on a fundamental distrust of persuasion.” (James Arnt Aune)

A

Modernism in Rhetoric

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4
Q

What the alternative to the dominant model of expository writing in 20th century rhetoric and composition?

A

Creative writing, reflective essays and autobiographies.

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5
Q

Comprehensive theory of language as effective discourse.

A

Rhetoric (20th century Modern vs. Post Modern)

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6
Q

Overlapping Themes in the Modern/Post Modern 20th century.

A
  1. Language vs. Meaning
  2. Ethics vs. Ideology
  3. Argument vs. Knowledge
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7
Q
  1. Language vs. Meaning
  2. Ethics vs. Ideology
  3. Argument vs. Knowledge
A

Overlapping Themes in the Modern/Post Modern 20th century.

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8
Q

Typically refers to anything that came after and was influenced by the Enlightenment.

A

“Modern”

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9
Q

refers to what comes after modernism has broken down.

A

“Postmodern”

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10
Q

“Modern”

A

typically refers to anything that came after and was influenced by the Enlightenment.

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11
Q

“Postmodern”

A

refers to what comes after modernism has broken down.

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12
Q
  • Not troubled by unanswered questions
  • Get rid of the metanarrative
  • Rejection of modern ideas
  • More playful and fun
A

Postmodern

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13
Q

How is Postmodernism different from Modernism?

A
  • Not troubled by unanswered questions
  • Get rid of the metanarrative
  • Rejection of modern ideas
  • More playful and fun
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14
Q

The following quote is an example of what?

“originally used in the 1980s by American poet Charles Olson and literary critic Ihab Hassan to refer to a new style in architecture, literature, and music, characterized by a playful quality, as opposed to the high seriousness of modernist art [. . .]; erosion of boundaries between high and popular culture; and, finally, a celebration of ‘mere’ style, surface, the free play of signifiers without a signified” (James Arnt Aune)

A

Postmodernism in Rhetoric

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15
Q

Not troubled by unanswered questions

A

Postmodern

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16
Q

20th Century Rhetoric

A

returns to the university as a legitimate academic discipline

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17
Q

Returns to the university as a legitimate academic discipline

A

20th Century Rhetoric

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18
Q

Postmodern

A

Not troubled by unanswered questions.

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19
Q

People had become familiar with rhetorical education and practices in the 19th century.

A

Changes in the practice and teaching of rhetoric

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20
Q

In the early 20th century, rhetoric was seen as an effective means to teach the basic skills of writing and teaching.

A

Changes in the practice and teaching of rhetoric

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21
Q

Field of speech communication as a distinct academic discipline was formed in 1914 (National Association of Academic Teachers of Public Speaking)

A

Changes in the practice and teaching of rhetoric

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22
Q

Changes in the practice and teaching of rhetoric

A
  • People had become familiar with rhetorical education and practices in the 19th century.
  • In the early 20th century, rhetoric was seen as an effective means to teach the basic skills of writing and teaching.
  • Field of speech communication as a distinct academic discipline was formed in 1914 (National Association of Academic Teachers of Public Speaking)
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23
Q

(National Association of Academic Teachers of Public Speaking)

A

academic discipline was formed in 1914

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24
Q

1920s: Academic departments of speech and composition moved from pedagogical to theoretical questions.

A

Development of criticism and theory

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25
Q

1940s and 1950s: Influential scholars from outside of the discipline “discovered” rhetoric.

A

Development of criticism and theory

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26
Q

1960s and 1970s: New student movements challenged academia to seek justice for oppressed people.

A

Development of criticism and theory

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27
Q

Development of criticism and theory

A
  • 1920s: Academic departments of speech and composition moved from pedagogical to theoretical questions.
  • 1940s and 1950s: Influential scholars from outside of the discipline “discovered” rhetoric.
  • 1960s and 1970s: New student movements challenged academia to seek justice for oppressed people.
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28
Q

Linguistics, Literary Theory, and Philosophy

A

Three Key Influences on the Spread of Rhetoric

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29
Q

Three Key Influences on the Spread of Rhetoric

A

Linguistics, Literary Theory, and Philosophy

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30
Q

Linguistic Development

A
  • Semiotics: the study of signs
  • Two primary figures: American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) and Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (?-1913).
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31
Q

The study of signs

A

Semiotics

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32
Q

Semiotics

A

the study of signs

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33
Q

The following are apart of what 20th century development?

  • Semiotics: the study of signs
  • Two primary figures: American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) and Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (?-1913).
A

Linguistic Development

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34
Q

American philosopher (1839-1914)

A

Charles Sanders Peirce

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35
Q

Swiss linguist (?-1913)

A

Ferdinand de Saussure

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36
Q

Who was Charles Sanders Peirce

A

American philosopher (1839-1914)

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37
Q

Who was Ferdinand de Saussure?

A

Swiss linguist

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38
Q

Believed language was a systematic structure that refers to the world.

A

Peirce

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39
Q

Peirce Sign =

A

referent and interpretant

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40
Q

Believed Semiotics as a way to understand how meaning is produced.

A

Peirce

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41
Q

Peirce: LANGUAGE

A

a systematic structure that refers to the world.

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42
Q

Believed Sign = referent and interpretant

A

Peirce

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43
Q

Peirce: Semiotics

A

as a way to understand how meaning is produced.

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44
Q

Believed Meaning is determined by the relationship between the sign and the world.

A

Peirce

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45
Q

Pierce: Meaning

A

is determined by the relationship between the sign and the world.

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46
Q

Believed language was a timeless structure that refers primarily to itself.

A

Saussure

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47
Q

Saussure: Sign =

A

Signifier and signified

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48
Q

Believed Semiotics was a “science” of language.

A

Saussure

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49
Q

Saussure: Meaning

A

Determined by the differences among signs in a system.

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50
Q

Believed Meaning is determined by the differences among signs in a system.

A

Saussure

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51
Q

Saussure: LANGUAGE

A

A timeless structure that refers primarily to itself.

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52
Q

Believed Sign = signifier and signified

A

Saussure

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53
Q

Saussure: Semiotics

A

A “science” of language.

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54
Q

Peirce focused on ________

A

Meaning

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55
Q

Saussure focused on _________

A

System

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56
Q

According to Peirce in terms of sign the referent is

A

the actual thing

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57
Q

According to Peirce in terms of sign the interpretant is

A

Idea in head

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58
Q

Referent + Interpretant =

A

Sign (Peirce)

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59
Q

Signifier + Signified =

A

Sign (Saussure)

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60
Q

Sound-image like the word “tree” is an example of what?

A

signifier

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61
Q

Concept in the mind

A

signified

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62
Q

Signification

A

sign = signifier + signified

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63
Q

According to Saussure ________ is a system we can study how it is without focusing on things of the world.

A

Language

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64
Q

According to Saussure _______ Language is not dependent on reality.

A

Language

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65
Q

No concern about, “what the author actually means.”

A

Saussure (language)

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66
Q

Developments in Literary Theory

A
  • Literary critics stopped focusing on the author and background and more on the text itself.
  • Scholars challenged the 19th-century distinction bewteen poetic and ordinary language
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67
Q

The following are examples of what?

  • Literary critics stopped focusing on the author and background and more on the text itself.
  • Scholars challenged the 19th-century distinction bewteen poetic and ordinary language
A

Developments in Literary Theory

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68
Q

Shifted away from the ideal of an inherent, universal rationality to the idea that reason is socially constructed.

A

Philosophical Developments

20th cent

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69
Q

Philosophical Developments

A

Shifted away from the ideal of an inherent, universal rationality to the idea that reason is socially constructed.

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70
Q

The following are examples of what?

  • Toulmin, Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca challenged the formal logic of analytic philosophy and instead advocated for informal logic.
  • Other philosophers took up the idea that rhetoric is epistemic, or knowledge-producing.
A

Philosophical Developments of the 20th century

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71
Q

Toulmin, Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca challenged the

A

formal logic of analytic philosophy and instead advocated for informal logic.

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72
Q

Other philosophers took up the idea that rhetoric is _____________

A

epistemic, or knowledge-producing.

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73
Q

_________, __________, and ________ challenged the formal logic of analytic philosophy and instead advocated for informal logic.

A

Toulmin, Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca

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74
Q

What does epistemic mean?

A

knowledge-producing

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75
Q

The turn to rhetoric also addressed questions of identity and difference

A
  • Identity as socially constructed
  • Influence of structuralism on identity
  • “Universality” challenged
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76
Q

The following are examples of what?

  • Identity as socially constructed
  • Influence of structuralism on identity
  • “Universality” challenged
A

The turn to rhetoric also addressed questions of identity and difference

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77
Q

According to Burke, what is the answer to the central question, “What is involved, when we say what people are doing and why they are doing it?”

A
  • Using terms to explain human behavior
  • Where is the motive (5 fingers)
  • What people are doing and why they are doing it.
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78
Q

Viewed Rhetorical Discourse as Drama, Identification over Persuasion

A

KENNETH BURKE

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79
Q

Literary theorist who turned to rhetoric post- WWII

A

KENNETH BURKE

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80
Q

Starts with language as symbolic action.

A

KENNETH BURKE

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81
Q

Distinguishes action from motion.

A

KENNETH BURKE

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82
Q

What thinker said:

“The ‘symbolism’ of a word consists in the fact that no one quite uses the word in its mere dictionary sense. And the overtones of a word are revealed ‘by the company it keeps’ in the utterances of a given speaker or writer.” (Philosophy of Literary Form 35)

A

KENNETH BURKE

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83
Q

Globalist in the terms of definition of rhetoric.

A

KENNETH BURKE

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84
Q

Read Hitler’s “Mincomff” to figure out his rhetoric and how he had so much power over people.

A

KENNETH BURKE

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85
Q

GRAMMAR OF MOTIVES

1945

A

KENNETH BURKE

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86
Q

The following describes what?

-Opposed to “scientism”
-Examines not motives per se but how
people attribute motives
-Explores internal relationships (“ratios”) among the five key terms
-Terms reveal places where “ambiguities” arise; ambiguities enable change.

A

DRAMATISM

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87
Q

Opposed to “scientism

A

DRAMATISM

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88
Q

Examines not motives per se but how

people attribute motives

A

DRAMATISM

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89
Q

Explores internal relationships (“ratios”) among the five key terms

A

DRAMATISM

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90
Q

Terms reveal places where “ambiguities” arise; ambiguities enable change.

A

DRAMATISM

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91
Q

DRAMATISM

A

-Opposed to “scientism”
-Examines not motives per se but how
people attribute motives
-Explores internal relationships (“ratios”) among the five key terms
-Terms reveal places where “ambiguities” arise; ambiguities enable change.

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92
Q

“Men have talked about things in many ways, but the pentad offers a synoptic way to talk about their talk-about. For the resources of the five terms figure in the utterances about motives, throughout all human history” (Grammar, 1319)

A

Burke’s :

Act, Scene, Agent, Agency, Purpose

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93
Q

Name of what took place, in thought or deed; related to realism

A

Act

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94
Q

Background of act; related to materialism

A

Scene

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95
Q

Kind of person performing act; related to idealism

A

Agent

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96
Q

By what means or with what instruments the agent acted; related to pragmatism

A

Agency

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97
Q

What is Act?

A

The name of what took place, in thought or deed; related to realism

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98
Q

What is Scene?

A

Background of act; related to materialism

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99
Q

Why the agent could be said to have acted; related to mysticism

A

Purpose

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100
Q

What is Agent?

A

Kind of person performing act; related to idealism

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101
Q

What is Agency?

A

By what means or with what instruments the agent acted; related to pragmatism

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102
Q

What is Purpose?

A

Why the agent could be said to have acted; related to mysticism

103
Q

“Everything happens for a reason” is an example of what?

A

Mysticism (related to Purpose)

104
Q

“The hand of the market” is an example of what?

A

Idealism (related to Agent)

105
Q

The most basic mode of persuasion

A

Identification

106
Q

The following describes what?

“Here is perhaps the simplest case of persuasion. You persuade a man only insofar as you can talk his language by speech, gesture, tonality, order, image, attitude, idea, identifying your ways with his.” (Rhetoric, not in excerpt)

A

Identification (Burke)

107
Q

Identification

A

The most basic mode of persuasion

108
Q

The following describes what?

“In being identified with B, A is ‘substantially one’ with a person other than himself. Yet at the same time he remains unique, an individual locus of motives. Thus he is both joined and separate, at once a distinct substance and consubstantial with another.” (Rhetoric 1325)

A

Consubstantiality (Burke)

109
Q

The following describes what?

“ _______ is affirmed with earnestness precisely because there is division. Identification is compensatory to division. If men were not apart from one another, there would be no need for the rhetorician to proclaim their unity.” (Rhetoric 1326)

A

Identification (Burke)

110
Q

The following describes what?

“A doctrine of _________, either explicit or implicit, may be necessary to any way of life. For substance, in the old philosophies, was an act; and a way of life is an acting-together; and in acting together, men have common sensations, concepts, images, ideas, attitudes that make them consubstantial.” (Rhetoric 1326)

A

Consubstantiality (Burke)

111
Q

The hoped-for result of identification. (identify but NOT identical)

A

Consubstantiality

112
Q

Identification

A

The most basic mode of persuasion

113
Q

Consubstantiality

A

The hoped-for result of identification. (identify but NOT identical)

114
Q

According to Burke Language =

A

Symbolic Action

115
Q

From Burke’s “Language As a Symbolic Action” (1966) what was said to be Directing the Attention ?

A

Terministic Screens

116
Q

Terministic Screens

A

Directing the Attention

Reflection, Selection, Deflection

117
Q

Symbolic Action =

A

Language (Burke)

118
Q

The following describes what?

“Even if any given terminology is a reflection of reality, by its very nature as a terminology it must be a selection of reality; and to this extent it must function also as a deflection of reality” (Language 1341)

A 
DIRECTING THE ATTENTION
Terministic  Screens (Burke)
119
Q

Reflection, Selection, Deflection are examples of what?

A

Terministic Screens (Burke)

120
Q

We must use terministic screens, since we can’t say anything without the use of terms” (Language 1344).

A 
OBSERVATIONS IMPLICIT IN TERMS
Terministic  Screens (Burke)
121
Q

RHETORIC: using language to induce cooperation

A

Burke

122
Q

The following describes what?

“Many of the ‘observations’ are but implications of the particular terminology in terms of which the observations are made” (1341).

A 
OBSERVATIONS IMPLICIT IN TERMS
Terministic  Screens (Burke)
123
Q

LANGUAGE: symbolic action

A

Burke

124
Q

Burke METHOD:

A

using dramatism to understand how human beings attribute motives

125
Q

Burke RHETORIC:

A

Using language to induce cooperation

126
Q

Burke TRUTH/KNOWLEDGE:

A

our understanding of the world is never complete or unskewed; it is always “selected, reflected, deflected” from reality by our motives.

127
Q

METHOD: using dramatism to understand how

human beings attribute motives

A

Burke

128
Q

TRUTH/KNOWLEDGE: our understanding of the world is never complete or unskewed; it is always “selected, reflected, deflected” from reality by our motives.

A

Burke

129
Q

Burke LANGUAGE:

A

Symbolic action

130
Q

Garbage truck is an example of what?

A

Substance

131
Q

Murder is an example of what?

A

Mixed mode

132
Q

Gold is and example of what?

A

Substance

133
Q

DISCUSSION: Why did Perelman feel the need to redefine rhetoric, and from which ancient rhetorician did his new definition borrow heavily?

A
134
Q

DISCUSSION: Does the new rhetoric have anything in common with the old? If so, what? How do they differ?

A
135
Q

Focused on Reviving Rhetoric as Argumentation

A

Chaim Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca

136
Q

Like Kenneth Burke, ________ turned to rhetoric in the 1940’s

A

Perelman

137
Q

Although American departments of ______ had been established, European interest in rhetoric was still unusual. (Perelman)

A

Speech

138
Q

Scholars from many fields were turning to ______ as a source for the study of argumentation.

A

rhetoric

139
Q

Study of ___________ remains a vibrant subfield today.

A

argumentation

140
Q

The following were the goals of what thinker?

  • To offer an alternative to formal logic as a means of understanding arguments.
  • To help us understand value judgments.
  • To bridge the gap between thought and action, which they see as widened by traditional philosophical approaches to knowledge.
A

Perelman

141
Q

Perelman’s main approach to understanding rhetoric

A

Argumentation

142
Q

Thinker who introduced the idea of Formal vs. informal logic

A

Perelman

143
Q

Wanted to offer an alternative to formal logic as a means of understanding arguments.

A

Perelman (Goals)

144
Q

Specialized language for philosophers

A

Formal

Perelman

145
Q

Wanted to help us understand value judgments.

A

Perelman (Goals)

146
Q

Everyday argument is and example of what?

A

informal logic

Perelman

147
Q

Tried to bridge the gap between thought and action, which they see as widened by traditional philosophical approaches to knowledge.

A

Perelman (Goals)

148
Q

The following describes what?

“Nonformal argument consists, not of a chain of ideas of which some are derived from others according to accepted rules of inference, but rather of a web formed from all the arguments and all the reasons that combine to achieve the desired result.”

A

Perelman’s informal logic

149
Q

The following describes what?

“The argumentative process consists in establishing a link by which acceptance, or adherence, is passed from one element to another, and this end can be reached either by leaving the various elements of the discourse unchanged and associated as they are or by making a dissociation of ideas.”

A

Perelman’s Two key forms of argument

150
Q

What thinker focused on universal vs. particular audience

A

Perelman

151
Q

What thinker focused on Practical reason?

A

Perelman

152
Q

What thinker focused on Association and dissociation

A

Perelman

153
Q

According to Perelman association is:

A

quasi-logical, arguments that resemble the real, arguments from particular cases

154
Q

Rhetoric: emphasized persuasion and the study of how people use “good reasons.”

A

Perelman

155
Q

Perelman Language:

A

Neither a mere reflection of reality nor completely arbitrary, but situated in and created by a community of users

156
Q

Method: must be general but responsive to particular situations

A

Perelman

157
Q

Perelman Truth/knowledge:

A

There is no such thing as absolute truth.

158
Q

Perelman Rhetoric:

A

Emphasized persuasion and the study of how people use “good reasons.”

159
Q

Language: neither a mere reflection of reality nor completely arbitrary, but situated in and created by a community of users

A

Perelman

160
Q

Perelman Method:

A

Must be general but responsive to particular situations

161
Q

Truth/knowledge: there is no such thing as absolute truth.

A

Perelman

162
Q

Proposed the idea of stripping away everything you’ve ever learned and replacing it with reason. In a sense responding to De Carte

A

Perelman

163
Q

The following are required in order for what?

  • The giving of good reason
  • From someone to someone else. (Addressed)
  • Must have good will, conventional rules, common language.
  • Certainty is impossible
A

Argumentation

Perelman

164
Q

Always occurs in realms were certainty is impossible

A

Argumentation

Perelman

165
Q

According to Perelman an Ideal audience would be

A

Universal

166
Q

Audience that is thought to made up reasonable and competent people

A

Universal

167
Q

According to Perelman target audience is

A

Particular

168
Q

Alternative to symbolic logic

A

Practical reason

169
Q

Would help to establish rules and models of reasonable action.

A

Practical reason

170
Q

Greek word for a type of wisdom or intelligence, specifically the virtue of practical thought, which is a common topic of discussion in philosophy. (Perelman)

A

Phronesis

171
Q

The following is an example of what?

“I am muslim but not a terrorist”

A

Dissassociation

172
Q

DISCUSSION: Although the term “signify” is discussed in depth, it is difficult to form a solid definition of what signifying is. How would you define the term signify, as discussed in the Gates reading?

A
173
Q

_________ the master trope of black speech

A

Signifyin(g)

174
Q

__________ became an important category for scholars studying language. (Gates)

A

Identity

175
Q

Gates’s approach to Signifyin(g) critiques

A

the dominant way of theorizing language use.

176
Q

Responds to Saussure’s understanding of language and signification.

A

Gates

177
Q

The rhetorical strategies used by members of the black community to draw attention to their own verbal power and communicate through indirection.

A

Signifyin(g)

178
Q

Signifyin(g)

A
  • Black
  • Rhetorical
  • Vertical (paradigmatic)
  • Inclusion of many meanings
179
Q

The following describes what?

  • Semantic
  • Horizontal (syntagmatic)
  • exclusion
A

signifying

180
Q

The following describes what?

  • Rhetorical
  • Vertical (paradigmatic)
  • Inclusion of many meanings
A

Signifyin(g)

181
Q

signifying

A
  • White
  • Semantic
  • Horizontal (syntagmatic)
  • exclusion
182
Q

RHETORIC: daily speech as a form of action

A

Gates

183
Q

Gates METHOD:

A

METHOD: Signifyin(g) is learned through constant practice; the concept of Signification can be used to better understand black speech and literature.

184
Q

LANGUAGE: see all language as “tropological”

A

Gates

185
Q

TRUTH: not as important as language

A

Gates

186
Q

Gates RHETORIC:

A

Daily speech as a form of action

187
Q

Gates LANGUAGE:

A

See all language as “tropological”

188
Q

Gates TRUTH:

A

Not as important as language

189
Q

METHOD: Signifyin(g) is learned through constant practice; the concept of Signification can be used to better understand black speech and literature.

A

Gates

190
Q

Applies only to black speech

A

Signifyin(g)

191
Q

The following are examples of what?

Rapping
yo mama jokes
street cred
shade.

A

Signifyin(g)

192
Q

What song (discussed in lecture) used indirection and double meanings was said to an example of Signifyin(g) ?

A

Steal Away to Jesus by Angola Choir

193
Q

Character used to mobilize blacks

A

Signifyin(g) Monkey

194
Q

Saw discourse as a form of social action rather than a reflection of “reality” or a representation of “truth”

A

Foucault

195
Q

Thinker best known for two concepts: discourse and discipline.

A

Foucault

196
Q

Main focus was prison reform

A

Foucault

197
Q

Thinker that took an “anti-foundational” approach to intellectual inquiry.

A

Foucault

198
Q

His work draws on the “sophistical” line of thought in the rhetorical tradition.

A

Foucault

199
Q

Foucault’s Archeology of the Knowledge seeks to

A

“unearth” how discourse creates knowledge

200
Q

Contextual conditions that enable discourse to create meaning

A

Foucault’s Rules of Formation

201
Q

What are Foucault’s Rules of Formation

A
  1. Step One: map the surfaces of their emergence.
  2. Step Two: describe the authorities of delimitation.
  3. Step Three: analyze the grids of specification.
202
Q

Seeks to “unearth” how discourse creates knowledge

A

Archeology of the Knowledge (Foucault) 1969

203
Q

The following describes what?

“One might say, then, that a discursive formation is defined (as far as its objects are concerned, at least) if one can establish such a group; if one can show how any particular object of discourse finds in it its place and law of emergence; if one can show that it may give birth simultaneously or successively to mutually exclusive objects, without having to modify itself”

A

Foucault On discursive formations

204
Q

The “limit” of discourse: neither internal nor external to discourse.

A

Discursive relations

205
Q

What questions must be asked when establishing Discursive relations?

A
  1. First question: “Who is speaking?”
  2. Second question: What are the “institutional sites” from which the speaker produces discourse?
  3. Third question: What is the position of the subject?
206
Q

The ______ of discourse: neither internal nor external to discourse.

A

“limit”

207
Q

The _______ is another word for the human self, but it emphasizes the idea that the individual is “created” by discourse—that is, your experience of who you are and where you fit in society is not created by you but by the discursive systems in which you live.

A

“subject”

208
Q

The positions (modes) a subject can occupy when creating (enunciating) a discourse

A

Enunciative modality

209
Q

Statement: discourse:: part: whole

A

Enunciative Function

210
Q

The following are required in order for what?

  • It is linked to a “subject position.”
  • It appears in an “associated domain.”
  • It has a “material existence.”
A

Enunciative Function

211
Q

Work focuses on how humans try to control discourse and make it serve their “will to truth”

A

The Order of Discourse (Foucault)

212
Q

The following describes what?

“that in every society the production of discourse is at once controlled, selected, organized, and redistributed by a certain number of procedures whose role is to ward off its powers and dangers, to gain mastery over its change events, to evade its ponderous, formidable materiality”

A

Foucault’s main hypothesis in “The Order of Discourse”

213
Q

The following describes what?

  • The forbidden speech
  • The division of madness from reason
  • The will to truth
A

External Procedures: Systems of Exclusion

-The Order of Discourse (Foucault)

214
Q

_________ serve to classify, order, or distribute discourse in particular ways.

A

Internal procedures

215
Q

The following are required in order for what?

  • Primary and secondary texts
  • Author
  • Disciplines
A

Internal procedures

-The Order of Discourse (Foucault)

216
Q

The following are required in order for what?

  • Rituals
  • Societies of discourse
  • Doctrines
  • Social appropriations
A

Final Procedures: Rules for Subjects

-The Order of Discourse (Foucault)

217
Q

The following describes what?

“We must call into question our will to truth, restore to discourse its character as an event, and finally throw off the sovereignty of the signifier.”

A

Facing our fear of discourse

-The Order of Discourse (Foucault)

218
Q

Another word for Foucault’s “discourse”

A

RHETORIC

219
Q

Foucault LANGUAGE:

A

follows Saussure’s general system of signs, but emphasizes the material reality of this system.

220
Q

METHOD: deconstructive and anti-foundational; uses language strategically in his writing to challenge accepted ideas.

A

Foucault

221
Q

LANGUAGE: Follows Saussure’s general system of signs, but emphasizes the material reality of this system.

A

Foucault

222
Q

RHETORIC:“discourse”

A

Foucault

223
Q

Foucault METHOD:

A

deconstructive and anti-foundational; uses language strategically in his writing to challenge accepted ideas.

224
Q

TRUTH/KNOWLEDGE: produced through discourse

A

Foucault

225
Q

Foucault TRUTH/KNOWLEDGE

A

produced through discourse

226
Q

Gates sees ________ as the master trope of black rhetoric.

A

Signifyin(g)

227
Q

According to Gates, the setting for speech interactions in the black community include

A
  • Church
  • Home
  • Streets
228
Q

Speech interactions in the black community do not occur in

A

School

229
Q

Gate’s understanding of the process of signification is influenced most by

A

Ferdinand de Saussure

230
Q

In the Monkey Tales, the Monkey uses language to trick the ______

A

Lion

231
Q

Like _______, Gates views rhetors as a set of tropes that constitute language.

A

Nietzsche

232
Q

During the end of the 20th century, a “theory of sign and signification” was developed. This theory is called

A

Semiotics

233
Q

The editors claim that which two disciplines had the most influence on modern and post modern rhetorical theory?

A

Literary theory and philosophy

234
Q

Foucault was born in

A

Poitiers, France

235
Q

What we have called “rhetoric” in this course, Foucault would call

A

Discourse, or Discursive Formations

236
Q

Foucault concentrates most on the relationship between

A

Power and Knowledge

237
Q

Foucault lived during the ____ century CE.

A

20th

238
Q

According to Foucault, the table of context of your textbook is an example of a

A

Grid of specification.

239
Q

According to Foucault, What is taken to be true always depends upon the _______, or a particular field of discourse.

A

Context

240
Q

According to Foucault, __________ is produced by discourse.

A

Knowledge

241
Q

In his anti-foundational tendencies, Foucault is most like which 19th century thinker?

A

Nietzsche

242
Q

Burke promotes the process of _______ over ____ as the central function of rhetoric.

A

Identification, persuasion

243
Q

Burke was born in

A

Pittsburgh, PA

244
Q

To best describe the 5 terms of dramatism, Burke compares them to

A

the fingers on a hand

245
Q

Burke calls the relationships between the various dramatistic terms

A

Ratios

246
Q

Burke argues that _______ idea of substance is ambiguous rather than clearly defined, as that person had thought.

A

Locke’s

247
Q

Identify the 5 terms of dramatism (Burke)

A
  1. Act
  2. Scene
  3. Agent
  4. Agency
  5. Purpose
248
Q

Perelman claims that philosophy is a

A

a form pf rhetoric

249
Q

According to Perlman and Lucie O-T, the members of the ________ audience are brought together by shared values, whereas the members of the imagined _______ audience are persuaded purely by rational argument.

A

particular, universal

250
Q

Perelman and O-T argue that language is

A

created by community

251
Q

“Quasi-logical” arguments are a type of

A

association

252
Q

For Perelman, a speaker most effectively gains adherence for her arguments by

A

giving good reason

253
Q

In The Realm of Rhetoric, Perelman summarizes several thinkers’ ideas on rhetoric. Identify two individuals mentioned by Perelman that we have read in class.

A

Plato, Aristotle, Gorgias

COM 409 (4 decks)

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