Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Changes over time Accrues layers of meaning Functions as a “repertoire” Enables and constrains Adoptable and adaptable Tensions between center and margin Involves ritual and reflection
A
Tradition
2
Q
Changes over time
Accrues layers of meaning
Functions as a “repertoire”
A
Tradition
3
Q
Enables and constrains
Adoptable and adaptable
Tensions between center and margin
Involves ritual and reflection
A
Tradition
4
Q
Tied to historical context No substance? The Supplement Promiscuous Promising and problematic What counts?
A
Rhetorical
5
Q
Tied to historical context
No substance?
The Supplement
A
Rhetorical
6
Q
Promiscuous
Promising and problematic
What counts?
A
Rhetorical
7
Q
Origins of Rhetoric
A
Ancient Greece
8
Q
Practiced Rhetoric in 5th Cent. BCE
A
The Sophists
9
Q
The Sophists: RHETORIC
A
a morally neutral, powerful art
10
Q
LANGUAGE: used to induce belief
A
The Sophists
11
Q
The Sophists: TRUTH
A
created by humans; knowledge limited because it’s only accessible through sense perception
12
Q
METHOD: explore and present opposing arguments
A
The Sophists
13
Q
The Sophists: EDUCATION
A
all can be taught. . . for a price
14
Q
ETHICS: because what is true is situational, so is what is good and right
A
The Sophists
15
Q
Gorgias, “The Encomium of Helen”
A
414 BCE
16
Q
“Speech is a powerful lord, which by means of the finest and most invisible body effects the divinest works”
A
Gorgias, “The Encomium of Helen”
17
Q
Rhetoric is powerful; knowledge is incomplete
A
Gorgias
18
Q
Gorgias: Purpose
A
To free Helen from blame.
19
Q
Gorgias :Four explanations of rhetorical power**
A
fate, force, speech, love
20
Q
ca. 403-395 BCE
A
Dissoi Logoi
21
Q
You have to explore different perspectives to gain knowledge.
A
Dissoi Logoi
22
Q
Purpose: to show that issues can an should be
argued from both sides; perspective and situation can greatly alter your argument.
A
Dissoi Logoi
23
Q
Works against absolute Truth.
A
Dissoi Logoi
24
Q
Offers kairos as an alternative.
A
Dissoi Logoi
25
First to respond to the Sophists
Isocrates and Plato
26
Isocrates, “Against the Summary Sophists”
ca. 390 BCE
27
RHETORIC is an art, not a science or set of formulas.
Isocrates, “Against the Summary Sophists”
28
Isocrates, “Against the Summary Sophists” TRUTH
is less important than kairos.
29
METHOD for learning rhetoric required natural talent, practice in different situations, and instruction in general principles.
Isocrates, “Against the Summary Sophists”
30
Isocrates, “Against the Summary Sophists” EDUCA TION
All can be educated, and those who are should be equipped to contribute to the state.
31
ETHICS: Blame the rhetor, not rhetoric itself, for moral failure.
Isocrates, “Against the Summary Sophists”
32
Rhetorical tradition
an evolving, adaptable blueprint.
33
An evolving, adaptable blueprint.
Rhetorical tradition
34
Speech has the power to create knowledge; it is the only, albeit flawed, way to know.
Gorgias
35
We must explore different perspectives in order to gain knowledge.
Dissoi Logoi
36
With natural talent and practice, people can use rhetorical education to serve the common good.
Isocrates
37
Dialogues respond to Sophists in a way that dramatically shaped the Western rhetorical tradition
Plato
38
Student of Socrates and was a teacher of many subjects
Plato
39
Truth is absolute, true knowledge transcends particulars of the sensible world, and human beings can seek and find such knowledge.
Plato
40
Theory of the Forms
Plato on truth
41
Allegory of the Cave
Plato on truth
42
doxa vs. episteme
Plato on truth
43
Believed true knowledge only accessible through diligent, careful study.
Plato
44
For dialogue he used the “Socratic Method”
Plato
45
Dialogue exemplifies the practice of “dialectic”
Plato
46
Dialogue exhibits dramatic features
Plato
47
Dialogue should be read like a play
Plato
48
The dialogue of Plato ≠
Socrates
49
Critiques the shortcomings of the Sophistic vision of rhetoric
Gorgias
50
Sets the stage for Socrates’ “true” rhetoric
Gorgias
51
Elaborates Socrates’ understanding of “true” rhetoric by comparing it to “true” forms of love
Phaedrus
52
Been said to be two volumes of the same story
Phaedrus and Gorgias
53
Phaedrus and Gorgias written by
Plato
54
Setting the stage with Chaerephon
Gorgias: structure and characters
55
Questioning Gorgias, the Old Sophist
Gorgias: structure and characters
56
Engaging Polus, the Young Stallion
Gorgias: structure and characters
57
Battling Callicles, the Pompous Statesman
Gorgias: structure and characters
58
```
analogy
definition
irony
parables
the political classic: evasion
```
Rhetorical Strategies used in the Gorgias
59
Rhetorical Strategies used in the Gorgias
```
analogy
definition
irony
parables
the political classic: evasion
```
60
RHETORIC: compared to cookery; can only produce opinion, not knowledge; leaves space for a “genuine art of rhetoric” (132).
Plato
61
Plato: TRUTH
it exists, but we can only know it through philosophical questioning
62
EDUCATION: Virtue can be taught only through philosophical exchange between teacher and student; sophists cannot teach virtue (133).
Plato
63
Plato: METHOD
Dialectic is the means of accessing truth.
64
ETHICS: Emphasizes the “good,” and implies that philosophy and “good” pursuits are oriented toward the end of justice.
Plato
65
Written toward the end of Plato’s life (ca. 370 BCE)
Limited interlocutors
Unique setting
the Phaedrus
66
Written toward the end of Plato’s life (ca. 370 BCE)
Phaedrus
67
Rhetorical strategies used in the Phaedrus
```
Humor
Contrast
Sarcasm
Develops a modest ethos
Employs rhetorical figures (e.g., metaphor, analogy, allegory)
```
68
Rhetorical strategies such as Humor, Contrast, Sarcasm are seen in which of Plato's work?
the Phaedrus
69
“In both cases you must analyze a nature, in one that of the body and in the other that of the soul, if you are to proceed in a scientific manner, not merely by practice and routine, to impart health and strength to the body by prescribing medicine and diet, or by proper discourses and training to give to the soul the desired belief and virtue.”
the Phaedrus
| Rhetoric and Medicine: Analogy
162-163
70
Said to have a Show and Tell structure
the Phaedrus
71
What is the four part structure of the Phaedrus?
1. Phaedrus reports
2. Socrates responds
3. Socrates recants
4. Phaedrus and Socrates engage in dialectical exchange
72
Lysias’s argument
young men should seek out the company of nonlovers over lovers, because the latter are selfish and harmful.
73
A teachable moment: “What do you think of the discourse, Socrates? Is it not wonderful, especially in diction?”
Phaedrus reads Lysias
74
Socrates Crafts a Grand Analogy
the Phaedrus
75
Argues for nonlover over the lover in the Phaedrus
Socrates
76
Begins by posing as a “mere amateur” in the Phaedrus
Socrates
77
___________ argues the same point as Lysias, but with completely different reasoning.
Socrates
78
___________ concludes: “These things, dear boy, you must bear in mind, and you must know that the fondness of the lover is not a matter of goodwill, but of appetite which he wishes to satisfy” (146)
Socrates
79
When Socrates recants he repents for his sins against
love
80
“For if any man of noble and gentle nature, one who was himself in love with another of the same sort, or who had ever been loved by such a one, had happened to hear us saying that lovers take up violent enmity because of small matters and are jealously disposed and harmful to the beloved, don’t you think he would imagine he was listening to people brought up among sailors, who had never seen a generous love?”
the Phaedrus
| Socrates recant
147
81
When Socrates recants he
- Repents for his sins “against Love” (147)
- Promises to give a speech on why the lover should be favored over the nonlover.
- Classifies and defines
- The Charioteer (2 horses)
- Reveals other motives in conclusion
82
- Repents for his sins “against Love” (147)
- Promises to give a speech on why the lover should be favored over the nonlover.
- Classifies and defines
- The Charioteer (2 horses)
- Reveals other motives in conclusion
Socrates recant in the Phaedrus
83
“And if in our former discourse Phaedrus and I said anything harsh against thee, blame Lysias, the father of that discourse, make him to cease from such speeches, and turn him, as his brother Polemarchus is turned, toward philosophy, that his lover Phaedrus may no longer hesitate, as he does now, between two ways, but may direct his life with all singleness of purpose toward love and philosophical discourses.”
the Phaedrus
| Socrates conclusion
155
84
Conclusion 1: A true art of speech must pursue truth (episteme) rather than opinions (doxa).
Socrates and Phaedrus discussion
85
Episteme
Truth
86
Doxa
Opinions
87
Conclusion 2: Dialecticians have mastered this art by dividing and combining.
Socrates and Phaedrus discussion
88
Conclusion 3: The art of rhetoric is more than basics.
Socrates and Phaedrus discussion
89
Conclusion 4: A true practitioner of rhetoric analyzes the soul
Socrates and Phaedrus discussion
90
Conclusions that came from Socrates and Phaedrus discussion in the Phaedrus
- A true art of speech must pursue truth (episteme) rather than opinions (doxa).
- Dialecticians have mastered this art by dividing and combining.
- The art of rhetoric is more than basics.
- A true practitioner of rhetoric analyzes the soul
91
- A true art of speech must pursue truth (episteme) rather than opinions (doxa).
- Dialecticians have mastered this art by dividing and combining.
- The art of rhetoric is more than basics.
- A true practitioner of rhetoric analyzes the soul
Conclusions that came from Socrates and Phaedrus discussion in the Phaedrus
92
Additional themes seen in the Phaedrus
- Words and reality
- Craft vs. art
- Rhetoric as situational art
93
RHETORIC: Gorgias vs. Phaedrus
Plato's the Phaedrus
94
Phaedrus: METHOD
dialectic only means of accessing truth
95
TRUTH: absolute truth exists; we can only know it through careful inquiry
Plato's the Phaedrus
96
Phaedrus: ETHICS
“good” pursuits must be oriented toward justice
97
EDUCATION: virtue can only be taught through philosophical exchange
Plato's the Phaedrus
98
Rhetoric, Books I, II and III
Aristotle
99
384-322 BCE
Aristotle
100
* Distinguished student and teacher
| * Central intellectual value: moderation
Aristotle
101
One of the most influential texts in the rhetorical tradition.
Aristotle's Rhetoric
102
Takes up where Plato’s recommendations in the Phaedrus leave off.
Aristotle's Rhetoric
103
Makes distinctions between certain and practical knowledge.
Aristotle's Rhetoric
104
Makes distinctions between dialectic and rhetoric as means for discovering such knowledge.
Aristotle's Rhetoric
105
Assumes rhetoric is an art.
Aristotle's Rhetoric
106
“Rhetoric is the counterpart of Dialectic” (179).
Aristotle's definition of rhetoric in his book Rhetoric
107
“the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion” (181).
Aristotle's definition of rhetoric in his book Rhetoric
108
“And if it be objected that one who uses such power of speech unjustly might do great harm, that is a charge which may be made in common against all good things except virtue, and above all against the things that are must useful, as strength, health, wealth, generalship. A man can confer the greatest of benefits by a right use of these, and inflect the greatest of injuries by using them wrongly.”
Aristotle's Rhetoric
109
What does Aristotle talk about in Book I of Rhetoric?
* Proofs
* Forms of reasoning
* Common and special topics
* Three genres of rhetorical discourse
* Four forms of government
110
“The one kind has merely to be used, the other has to be invented” (181).
Inartistic vs. Artistic Proofs according to Aristotle in Book I Rhetoric
111
Inartistic
using things that already exist
112
Artistic
inventing appeals using logos, pathos, ethos
113
using things that already exist
Inartistic
114
inventing appeals using logos, pathos, ethos
Artistic
115
Forms of reasoning defined in Aristotle's Rhetoric Book I
* Syllogism
* Enthymeme (probabilities and signs)
* Maxim
* Example (real and imagined)
116
Topoi
Lines of Argument. Either common/general or special
117
Common Topoi
Intended for all speech
118
Intended for specific types of situations, audiences, and content.
Special Topoi
119
Who introduced the idea of Topoi?
Aristotle in Rhetoric Book I
120
What are the three genre's of rhetoric ?
Forensic, Ceremonial, Deliberative
121
```
The genre of rhetoric that deals with:
• Past
• Justice
• Guilt/innocence
• Courtroom
```
Forensic
122
```
The genre of rhetoric that deals with:
• Present
• Virtue
• Praise/blame
• Ceremonies
```
Ceremonial
123
```
The genre of rhetoric that deals with:
• Future
• Expedience
• Policy
• Legislature
```
Deliberative
124
Ceremonial
* Present
* Virtue
* Praise/blame
* Ceremonies
125
Deliberative
* Future
* Expedience
* Policy
* Legislature
126
Forensic
* Past
* Justice
* Guilt/innocence
* Courtroom
127
Forms of government discussed by Aristotle
* Democracy
* Oligarchy
* Aristocracy
* Monarchy
128
* Democracy -> freedom
* Oligarchy -> wealth
* Aristocracy -> maintain institutions
* Monarchy -> power (esp. tyranny)
Forms of government
129
Democracy is associated with
freedom
130
Oligarchy is associated with
wealth
131
Aristocracy is associated with
maintaining institutions
132
Monarchy is associated with
power (esp. tyranny)
133
Which written work by Aristotle gave advice for all speeches?
Rhetoric Book II and Book III
134
Excerpts deal primarily with advice about the three proofs (pisteis): ethos, pathos, logos
Rhetoric Book II and Book III
135
“the orator must not only try to make the argument of his speech demonstrative and worthy of belief; he must also make his own character look right and put his hearers, who are to decide, into the right frame of mind” (213).
Aristotle's Rhetoric Book II and Book III
136
The following quote is a description of what?
“It follows that any one who is thought to have all three of these good qualities will inspire trust in his audience” (213)
Ethos
137
What are the three qualities of Ethos?
1. Good sense
2. Good character
3. Good will
138
The following quote is a description of what?
“The Emotions are all those feelings that so change men as to affect their judgements and that are also attended by pain or pleasure” (214).
Pathos
139
Three things the speaker needs to know: (pathos)
1. The state of mind of the person feeling x emotion
2. The type of people toward whom they feel x
3. On what grounds they feel x
140
According to Pathos audiences are also affected by
character type
141
Common topics of Logos
possible/impossible; greatness/smallness
142
Forms of reasoning according to Logos
* enthymeme
* maxim
* example
143
Logos
1. Common Topics
2. Forms of reasoning
3. Return to the Topoi
144
Return to the topoi in Logos
* sound enthymemes
| * bad enthymemes
145
Book III main focus was
Style, Arrangement, Delivery
146
According Aristotle's Rhetoric Book III ________ is necessary in order to put the truth in the best light possible
Style
147
According Aristotle's Rhetoric Book III Style must be ______
clear, appropriate, and well disguised.
148
According Aristotle's Rhetoric Book III _______ should be simple and follow the dictates of common sense.
Arrangement
149
According Aristotle's Rhetoric Book III _________ is something we must consider because the masses require it.
Good delivery
150
RHETORIC: finding the available means of persuasion; used to produce probable knowledge when information is incomplete
Aristotle's Rhetoric (Book I,II,III)
151
Aristotle's Rhetoric (Book I,II,III) TRUTH:
absolute truth exists, and it is accessible through empirical means; probable knowledge also valuable.
152
EDUCATION: rhetors must understand logic, human character, and human emotion; general guidelines needed to apply to particular situations
Aristotle's Rhetoric (Book I,II,III)
153
Aristotle's Rhetoric (Book I,II,III) METHOD:
persuasion is a form of demonstration, produced through enthymeme; favored deduction
154
ETHICS: rhetoric is a morally neutral art; the speaker’s purpose is to make it virtuous.
Aristotle's Rhetoric (Book I,II,III)
155
106‐43 BCE thinker
Marcus Tullius Cicero
156
First century BCE Rome was a republic governed by a senate, in transition to its _______ form.
imperial
157
Rhetoric and democracy in the Roman Republic highlights the zero‐sum relationship between the use of _______ and physical violence.
persuasion and physical violence
158
_________ life illustrates the power of rhetoric as a tool for social mobility.
Cicero’s
159
Cicero had tremendous influence in this context, as a _________
practitioner and teacher of rhetoric.
160
“For as soon as our world‐empire had been established, and an enduring peace had assured us leisure, there was hardly a youth, athirst for fame, who did not deem it his duty to strive with might and main after eloquence”
De Oratore
161
When was Cicero's De Oratore written?
55 BCE
162
What book of work was concerned with:
- What is the nature of rhetoric?
- What role should rhetoric play in the life of a healthy republic?
- Which is more important: vita contemplativa or vita activa?
- Who is the ideal orator, and how can this skill be achieved?
Cicero's De Oratore (55 BCE)
163
The following quote is an the example for ________ in Cicero's De Oratore:
“so that you may learn what men renowned above all others for eloquence have thought about the whole subject of oratory” (289).
Purpose
164
What was the central debate of De Oratore?
Can eloquence be taught, or is it simply the result of talent and experience?
165
Who were the main characters in Cicero's De Oratore?
Crassus, Antonius, Scaevola
166
What is Scaevola's argument when it comes to the nature of rhetoric in De Oratore?
Scaevola argues that rhetoric is limited, whereas Crassus argues that rhetoric is encompassing.
167
In De Oratore _______ argues that rhetoric is encompassing.
Crassus
168
According to De Oratore ________ is subservient to rhetoric.
Dialectic
169
According to De Oratore ________ can be practice, art, or natural talent.
Rhetoric
170
Question posed in De Oratore is ______
What is the nature of rhetoric
171
What is the role or rhetoric in the Republic according to De Oratore?
- Rhetoric’s realm: human life and conduct (299).
| - The place of rhetoric in a healthy state: Crassus vs. Scaevola.
172
According to Crassus in De Oratore is the rhetor essential for a healthy state?
Yes
173
According to Scaevola in De Oratore is the rhetor essential for a healthy state?
No
174
The following is said by who and supports what argument:
“The wise control of the complete orator is that which chiefly upholds not only his own dignity, but the safety of countless individuals and of the entire State. Go forward therefore, my young friends, in your present course, and bend your energies to that study which engages you, that so it may be in your power to become a glory to yourselves, a source of service to your friends, and profitable members of the Republic” (294).
Crassus in De Oratore, that rhetors ARE essential for a healthy state.
175
The following is said by who and supports what argument:
“For my part, indeed, should I care to use examples from our own and other communities, I could cite more instances of damage done, than of aid given to the cause of the State by men of first‐ rate eloquence. . .” (294).
Scaevola in De Oratore, that rhetors are NOT essential for a healthy state
176
___________ believes that rhetors should be involved in public life, but only after having learned philosophy. (Contemplative Life) (De Oratore)
Crassus
177
___________ believes rhetors don’t need all of that philosophical learning, just experience and common sense (300). (De Oratore) (Active Life)
Antonius
178
According to _______ in De Oratore the ideal orator must have natural talent, sound training, considerable public experience, and exhaustive knowledge of both his art and others.
Crassus
179
According to _______ in De Oratore the ideal orator uses his common sense and natural talent to focus on winning cases in public life. Advice: find good models and practice imitating them, properly.
Antonius
180
METHOD: practice in real life situations, imitate good speakers, and follow Aristotle (kind of ).
Cicero's De Oratore
181
Cicero's De Oratore RHETORIC:
an art intended to be used in public service.
182
TRUTH: rhetoric is oriented toward the world of public affairs and, thus, producing probable knowledge
Cicero's De Oratore
183
Cicero's De Oratore EDUCATION:
rhetoric can and should be taught.
184
ETHICS: orator should be committed to the common good.
Cicero's De Oratore
185
Marcus Fabius Quintilianus
(ca. 35-96 CE)
186
* Lived during the “imperial period” in Rome.
* Best known as a teacher rather than as a speaker. •Championed a return to the standards of Cicero.
* Promoted practices of imitation for rhetorical learning.
Marcus Fabius Quintilianus
187
Institutio Oratoria
Produced in Central Italy (Florence), 15th century (13 March 1477)
188
In Quintilianus's Institutio Oratoria he expresses a ________ teaching method (Book II)
flexible
189
According to Quintilianus's Institutio Oratoria _______ is the “queen” of the arts.
Rhetoric
190
According to Quintilianus's Institutio Oratoria _______ cannot be taught through “rule books,” but must be cultivated as a flexible set of habits (383).
Rhetoric
191
According to Quintilianus's Institutio Oratoria Rhetorical education is more about “_______” than training; Quintilian’s methods reflect this.
formation
192
Who's Method includes:
* Find good teachers.
* Imitate good models.
* Engage in peer review.
Quintilianus
| Institutio Oratoria
193
What was the method expressed by Quintilianus's Institutio Oratoria?
* Find good teachers.
* Imitate good models.
* Engage in peer review.
194
Following is an example of whose Method?
“But that mischievous politeness, as it is now termed, which is shown by students in their praise of each other’s compositions, whatever be their merits, is not only unbecoming and theatrical, and foreign to strictly regulated schools, but even a most destructive enemy to study, for care and toil may well appear superfluous, when praise is ready for whatever pupils have produced.”
Quintilianus on Peer Review
195
When writing in rhetorical education Quintilian takes a _________________ from Socrates.
very different tack
196
When writing in rhetorical education ________ provides several reasons that writing is an important part of rhetorical education (404- 405).
Quintilian
197
When writing in rhetorical education Quintilian states ________ and _______ are important if one wishes to improve one’s writing (405).
Practice and Method
198
When was the Fall of Rome?
476 C.E.
199
Aristotle lived during what century?
4th century B.C.E.
200
Aristotle was likely the student of which thinker?
Plato
201
Which of the following is NOT an example of the 3 genres of rhetoric?
apologia
ceremonial
deliberative
forensic
apologia
202
DNA evidence is an example of _________ proof.
inartistic
203
Things said to be "The Will of God" are examples of _________ proof.
Artistic
204
Cicero's family was apart of which class of Roman society?
equestrian
205
How did Cicero die?
assassination
206
438-336 B.C.E. thinker
Isocrates
207
What are the 5 cannons of rhetoric
1. Invention
2. Arrangment
3. Style
4. Memory
5. Delivery
208
The art of persuasive speaking
Rhetoric
209
The primary responsibility of the orator, according to De Oratore, is to what?
The state
210
Plato was the teacher of who?
Aristotle
211
Socrates taught what thinker?
Plato
212
Who was taught by Aristotle?
Alexander the Great
213
Forcing the audience to infer their own conclusion (Aristotle)
Enthymeme
214
The following is an example of what?
"I was at the park with my dog and got ignored by Al. All must be a cat person"
Enthymeme
215
The following is an example of what?
"Beer before liquor never sicker"
Maxim
216
What form of reasoning used deductive reasoning
Syllogism
217
A proverb of old wisdom
Maxim
218
The following is an example of what?
"All men are mortal therefore Socrates is mortal"
Syllogism
219
"You were born human and falling in love gave you wings. "
Socrates in the Phaedrus
220
According to Quintilian having a ________ character is essential for orators.
Virtuous
221
Quintilian divides the term “rhetoric” into three parts:
1. the art
2. the artist
3. the work
222
His ideal orator is a “good person speaking well.”
Quintilian
223
______ said “Bad men” do not deserve the name of “orator”; only good men can earn that title
Quintilian
224
Quintilian outlines three “offices”:
1. informing
2. moving
3. pleasing
225
The questions you are supposed to ask and answer when trying a case.
Stasis Theory
226
Who advances stasis theory (i.e., the questions you are supposed to ask and answer when trying a case)?
Quintilian
227
Describes the difference between tropes and figures.
Quintilian
228
Quintilian's RHETORIC:
the art of the good person speaking well
229
RHETORIC: the art of the good person speaking well
Quintilian
230
TRUTH: rhetoric deals not with certainty but what is “like truth” (395); _______ puts this knowledge on par with the knowledge produced by philosophers and scientists
Quintilian
231
LANGUAGE: opposed “excessive” language and advocated a return to Cicero’s standards; valued “perspicuity”
Quintilian
232
Quintilian's METHOD:
good instruction is the key to the “good person speaking well”
233
EDUCATION: rhetoric can and should be taught; emphasized formation over training and student-teacher relationship.
Quintilian's
234
Quintilian's ETHICS:
the good speaker MUST be virtuous
235
Used to change the meaning of words (Etymology)
Tropes
236
The rearrangement of words/ language to become more powerful
Figures
237
From the Greek, "a turn"
Etymology
238
According to Quintilian an orator should focus two things:
1. What is becoming
| 2. What is expedient
239
Promoted practices of imitation for rhetorical learning
| taking someone else's speech and reciting it
Quintilian
240
The following is an example of what:
"If you like it then you better put a ring on it"
Trope
241
Metaphors and allegory are example of _____
tropes
242
The following is an example of what:
I came, I saw, I conquered
Figure
243
The following is an example of what:
Ask not what your country can do for you, as what you can do for your country
Figure
