Unit 2 Flashcards
Medieval Rhetoric: apologist for Christianity and rhetoric
Augustine
Medieval Rhetoric: the beginning of the division between rhetoric and dialectic, substance and style
Boethius
Medieval Rhetoric: Augustine
apologist for Christianity and rhetoric
Medieval Rhetoric: looking for female exemplars
Christine de Pizan
Medieval Rhetoric: Boethius
the beginning of the division between rhetoric and dialectic, substance and style
Medieval Rhetoric: Christine de Pizan
looking for female exemplars
Renaissance Rhetoric: emphasized eloquence
George of Trebizond
Renaissance Rhetoric: Castiglione
advice for getting your way in court
Renaissance Rhetoric: championed grammar and dialectic
Ramus
Renaissance Rhetoric: developed ideas about how the various disciplines fit together
Bacon
Renaissance Rhetoric: George of Trebizond
emphasized eloquence
Renaissance Rhetoric: advice for getting your way in court
Castiglione
Renaissance Rhetoric: Ramus
championed grammar and dialectic
Renaissance Rhetoric: Bacon
developed ideas about how the various disciplines fit together
The Middle Ages
400-1400 CE
During this time rhetoric gets religion and goes underground
The Medieval Challenge
What were the three key changes that occurred during the Medieval Challenge?
1. Religious and secular forces vied for power.
2. Grammar and dialectic increased in importance
3. Education expanded, especially during the 12th century.
Religious and secular forces vied for power.
A key changes that occurred during the Medieval Challenge
Grammar and dialectic increased in importance
A key changes that occurred during the Medieval Challenge
1. Religious and secular forces vied for power.
2. Grammar and dialectic increased in importance
3. Education expanded, especially during the 12th century.
The three key changes that occurred during the Medieval Challenge.
Education expanded, especially during the 12th century.
A key changes that occurred during the Medieval Challenge
Constantine found a “________” empire, which began the rise of Christianity into the modern period (313 CE).
“Christian”
Religious and secular
The increased power of the Church limited access to ________________________
Classical sources for the general public
Religious and secular
__________ communities became centers for learning.
Monastic
Religious and secular
_____________ established the seven liberal arts (429 CE).
Martianus Capella
During the rise of grammar and dialectic in the Middle Ages _______ was subordinated to ________ in educational settings.
Rhetoric, dialectic
During the rise of grammar and dialectic in the Middle Ages _______ had no public outlet.
Rhetoric
-Constantine found a “Christian” empire, which began the rise of Christianity into the modern period (313 CE).
- The increased power of the Church limited access to classical sources for the general public.
- Monastic communities became centers for learning.
Religious and Secular forces
During the Expansion of education in the Middle Ages ___________ became the dominant approach to learning.
Scholasticism
During the Expansion of education in the Middle Ages Education followed a specific teaching method inspired by dialectic: _________ and _________.
Lectio and Disputatio.
During the Expansion of education in the Middle Ages ______ were formed.
Universities
Using Rhetoric to Serve the City of God
Augustine
Rhetorician and Christian Philosopher (354-430 CE)
Augustine
RHETORIC: a morally neutral art that can and should be used on behalf of truth; subordinate to wisdom
Augustine
LANGUAGE: only a means to contemplate divine truth; words are signs of things
Augustine
METHOD: “rules of eloquence” aren’t useful; imitation most effective
Augustine
Augustine RHETORIC:
a morally neutral art that can and should be used on behalf of truth; subordinate to wisdom
Augustine LANGUAGE:
only a means to contemplate divine truth; words are signs of things
Augustine METHOD:
“rules of eloquence” aren’t useful; imitation most effective
TRUTH: absolute truth accessible through divine revelation; distinct from “logic”
Augustine
EDUCATION: eloquence can be achieved without formal training in rhetoric
Augustine
ETHICS: truth depends not primarily on the character of the speaker but upon the will of God; even so, it is best if eloquence is accompanied by wisdom and faith.
Augustine
Augustine EDUCATION:
eloquence can be achieved without formal training in rhetoric
Augustine TRUTH:
absolute truth accessible through divine revelation; distinct from “logic”
Augustine ETHICS:
truth depends not primarily on the character of the speaker but upon the will of God; even so, it is best if eloquence is accompanied by wisdom and faith.
Rhetoric Serving Philosophy
Boethius
Thinker from (480-524 CE)
Boethius
Led a life similar to Cicero, but came to very different conclusions about rhetoric.
Boethius
Wrote about rhetoric and read many ancient thinkers but considered himself primarily a philosopher.
Boethius
Addressed head-on the issue of the relationship between philosophy and rhetoric.
Boethius
Deeply Aristotelian—EXCEPT in his view that rhetorical practice did not generate probable truth.
Boethius
RHETORIC: a faculty of applying the general rules of argumentation to specific case; subordinated to dialectic
Boethius
Boethius RHETORIC:
a faculty of applying the general rules of argumentation to specific case; subordinated to dialectic
METHOD: speakers should apply the general principles to specific cases in order to teach or move
Boethius
TRUTH: rhetoric cannot produce knowledge or truth
Boethius
Boethius METHOD:
speakers should apply the general principles to specific cases in order to teach or move
EDUCATION: emphasized general principles and systems of classification handed down from classical thinkers as an important source
Boethius
Boethius TRUTH:
rhetoric cannot produce knowledge or truth
Boethius EDUCATION:
emphasized general principles and systems of classification handed down from classical thinkers as an important source
Rhetoric as a Social Tool
Christine de Pizan
Thinker (1364-1430 CE)
Christine de Pizan
The kind of exemplary woman she praises in her writings.
Christine de Pizan
Received nearly the best education that any woman could have during the period.
Christine de Pizan
Turned to rhetorical practice as a means of supporting herself.
Christine de Pizan
Christine de Pizan RHETORIC:
a tool for exercising worldly prudence
ETHICS: developing good character depends on following virtuous exemplars
Christine de Pizan
Christine de Pizan EDUCATION:
women should be educated in rhetoric and other arts
EDUCATION: women should be educated in rhetoric and other arts
Christine de Pizan
Christine de Pizan ETHICS:
developing good character depends on following virtuous exemplars
RHETORIC: a tool for exercising worldly prudence
Christine de Pizan
The Rise and Fall of Rhetorics across Europe
THE RENAISSANCE
Italian city-states became prominent.
Key changes affecting rhetoric during the Renaissance
Monarchs consolidated land.
Key changes affecting rhetoric during the Renaissance
Merchant and professional classes gained power.
Key changes affecting rhetoric during the Renaissance
Church lost power to secular institutions
Key changes affecting rhetoric during the Renaissance
Latin died; vernaculars thrived.
Key changes affecting rhetoric during the Renaissance
Gutenberg designed the first European printing press (ca. 1450 CE).
Key changes affecting rhetoric during the Renaissance
Key changes affecting rhetoric during the Renaissance
- Italian city-states became prominent.
- Monarchs consolidated land.
- Merchant and professional classes gained power.
- Church lost power to secular institutions
- Latin died; vernaculars thrived.
- Gutenberg designed the first European printing press (ca. 1450 CE).
What were the Multiple rhetorics that came from the Renaissance?
- Letter writing, handbooks, speeches, preaching, education, courtly performance.
- Type of rhetoric emphasized depended on political and social context.
- Common thread: pursuit of eloquence (Hannah Gray)
Common thread: pursuit of eloquence (Hannah Gray)
Multiple rhetorics that came from the Renaissance
Type of rhetoric emphasized depended on political and social context.
Multiple rhetorics that came from the Renaissance
How are the following related?
- Italian city-states became prominent.
- Monarchs consolidated land.
- Merchant and professional classes gained power.
- Church lost power to secular institutions
- Latin died; vernaculars thrived.
- Gutenberg designed the first European printing press (ca. 1450 CE).
Key changes affecting rhetoric during the Renaissance
Letter writing, handbooks, speeches, preaching, education, courtly performance.
Multiple rhetorics that came from the Renaissance
Definition: the intellectual movements in which the human being became the center of inquiry and the mover of history.
Humanism
Emerged when Western societies went through the “Great Disembedding” (Charles Taylor)
Humanism
_________ affected how people saw the self, knowledge, and an individual’s ability to affect the world around him/her.
Humanisms
Humanism
the intellectual movements in which the human being became the center of inquiry and the mover of history.
Rhetoric was viewed as a critical means to gaining power in society
Humanisms
The question of how humans come to know something became a central idea
Epistemology
Rhetoric served as a means to knowledge (e.g.,“rhetoric as epistemic”).
Epistemology
When studying ___________ Some northern European humanists separated rhetoric from logic and dialectic.
Epistemology
New epistemologies -> new ________
methods
Peter Ramus pursued ___________ while denigrating rhetorical approaches.
dialectical method
_____________’ Discourse on Method (1637) led to the elevation of “reason” and signaled the beginning of the end of the rhetorical Renaissance.
Rene Descartes
____________ pursued dialectical method while denigrating rhetorical approaches.
Peter Ramus
During the Renaissance the desire for a “______” culminated in the beginning of the Enlightenment and the “new science.”
method
During the Renaissance the desire for a “method” culminated in the beginning of the Enlightenment and the “________.”
new science