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ZBrain & Behavior > Unit 4 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 4 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

pattern of behavioral, chemical, or physiological fluctuation in 24 hours

A

circadian rhythm

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2
Q

yearly patter

A

circannual pattern

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3
Q

less than 24 hours

A

ultradian pattern

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4
Q

master clock with sleep and temperature patters. where is it found

A

SCN (supra schismatic nucleus). Hypothalamus

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5
Q

triggered from within

A

endogenous

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6
Q

when relying on endogenous. maintaining its own personal cycle. think person in dark (a little over 24 hours)

A

free-running

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7
Q

zeitgeber

A

“time giver” (light)

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8
Q

retinohypothalamic tract

A

light > retina > SCN

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9
Q

pineal is inhibited by light, which makes

A

melatonin

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10
Q

there are specialized retinal ganglion cells that go straight to the

A

SCN

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11
Q

entrainment pathway through which light affects SCN (2)

A

through retinohypothalamic tract OR retinal ganglion cells

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12
Q

genes that regulate in 24 hours. Protein products degrade. Proteins activate other clock gene transcription

A

clock genes

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13
Q

explain mechanism of clock genes

A

clock and cycle dimerize, and each turn on CRY and PER, producing two proteins which come together and then turn off BOTH CRY AND PER

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14
Q

per gene is also activated with

A

glutamate receptors coming from retina…

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15
Q

SCN Lesion then transplant

A

loses rhythm, then gains rhythm of transplant

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16
Q

Slow wave sleep

A

Stages 3 & 4 (sync activity of neurons)

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17
Q

Decrease in heart rate and breathing

A

1 thru 4

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18
Q

REM sleep

A

High brain activity, muscle tone low, dreams!

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19
Q

Most of SWS? Most of REM?

A

First half, second half

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20
Q

biological functions of sleep

A

energy conservation, avoid predation when inefficient, memory consolidation, restoration of body processes (adenosine, beta amyloid)

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21
Q

what memory does REM consolidate?

A

Implicit

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22
Q

what memory does SWS consolidate?

A

Explicit

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23
Q

builds up when ATP is used, binds to receptor on terminal and prevents glutamate being released, makes sleepy

A

adenosine

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24
Q

adenosine receptor antagonist, accumulates. delays clock

A

caffeine

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25
Q

brainwashing

A

cerebralspino fluid clearing out debris. deeper in sleep.

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26
Q

what makes us sleep?

A

circadian signals, homeostatic mechanisms, neural controls. Can all be overridden by FEAR or HUNGER

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27
Q

Circadian signals

A

Clock genes/proteins, melatonin

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28
Q

Regions that Promotes wakefulness

A

Brainstem, hypothalamus (sleep promote), and forebrain.

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29
Q

Which brain regions coordinate REM

A

pons and midbrain

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30
Q

Dreams most vivid, external stimuli often incorporated

A

REM

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31
Q

Activation synthesis hypothesis

A

Dreams are a result of cortex attempt to make sense of random brain activity

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32
Q

Brain regions active during dreaming

A

1 sensory inactive > hallucinations.
PFC inactive (memory weak, logic lacking, judgment lacking).
Amygdala active > emotions
Hypothalamus active > motivations and drives

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33
Q

Consequences of sleep deprivation

A

Sleepiness, negative affect (tangry), poor vigilance, poor executive functioning, decreased immune, microsleep

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34
Q

Benzodiazapines

A

GABA receptor agonists. Not normal sleep. Suppress SWS and REM. Poor sleep

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35
Q

Non-Benzo

A

GABA receptor agonists. Doesnt interfere with REM

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36
Q

Non-restorative sleep

A

Insomnia

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37
Q

Onset, Maintenance, termination

A

Falling asleep, maintenance, and termination

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38
Q

Inability to sleep during sleep. Causes?

A

sleep apnea. caused by genetics, hormones, obesity, aging.

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39
Q

Moving of limbs every 30 seconds

A

periodic limb movement disorder

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40
Q

Moving around during REM bc no paralysis

A

REM behavior disorder

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41
Q

symptoms of narcolepsy

A

Sleepiness and sleep attacks, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypgagonic hallucinations (dreaming while awake)

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42
Q

loss of muscle tone

A

cataplexy

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43
Q

Fear >
Anger >
Disgust >

A

> Escape
Fight
Avoidance

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44
Q

Darwin’s Evolution of Emotions

A

Expressions of emotions comes out of behaviors that indicate what an animal is to do next. If its beneficial, it will get better. 1

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45
Q

What are emotional displays for?

A

Survival and communication.

46
Q

Facial expressions are

A

Innate, universal

47
Q

brief expressions reveals true feelings & breaks through false ones

A

microexpressions. Different muscles are involved in fake and real emotions

48
Q

Volitional facial paresis

A

Can’t be faked

49
Q

Emotional facial paresis

A

Can’t be real

50
Q

Imitation of facial expression is innate as a mechanism for

A

empathy? See > Imitate > FEEL

51
Q

Emotional states

A

Perception (cognition), physiological response (action), Feeling (emotion)

52
Q

Modern biopsychological model

A

all emotional states interact together

53
Q

Brain regions involved in emotion

A

Cortex (PFC, Insula, Cingulate), Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Brainstem (PAG)

54
Q

Hypothalamus, Amygdala, and PAG in emotion

A

Amygdala feels emotion, to hypothalamus, and to PAG (organizes behavioral responses)

55
Q

PFC in emotion

A

assessment of situation. Inhibits Amygdala (knee jerk reaction)

56
Q

Present stimulus with adverse shock, animal presents body tone of fear or defense. Requires Amygdala

A

Fear Conditioning

57
Q

Context Conditioning requires

A

amygdala and hippocampus (spacial memory)

58
Q

Low serotonin turnover leads to

A

High aggression. Serotonin excites PFC. Outward and inward. Also low in clinical depression

59
Q

Prenatal exposure to nicotine

A

Convicted sons of aggression

60
Q

Twin studies of emotion/aggression

A

MZ & DZ same in adolescence. (more controlled)

MZ more aggressive in adulthood.

61
Q

Acute physical stressors

A

Lions

62
Q

Chronic physical stressors

A

Drought, famine, parasites

63
Q

Psychological, social stressors

A

Traffic, relationships, care-giving, mortgage, debt

64
Q

Combined set of behavioral and physiological adjustments that an individual makes in response to current and predicted environmental stressors. Requires prior experience or knowledge

A

Allostasis

65
Q

Body’s attempt to restore balance.

A

Stress response. Trigger general adaptation syndrome (threats to a body and its response)

66
Q

Three stages of general adaptation syndrome

A
  1. Alarm (SNS)
  2. Vigilence (HPA)
  3. Exhaustion (immune/nervous system spent, tired, inactive)
67
Q

Two System Model of Stress:
SNS:
HPA Axis:

A

SNS: Energy for immediate expenditure

HPA Axis: hormones from adrenal cortex

68
Q

Factors that affect stress response

A

intensity, control, duration, support, perception to cope, personality, gender, age

69
Q

Low nurture mice moms leads to elevated stress

A

LOW glucocorticoid receptors (weak negative feedback)

70
Q

High nurture mice moms leads to reduced stress

A

High glucocorticoid receptors — know how to manage stress. Robust negative feedback

71
Q

Long term stress on reproductive system

A

Decreased libido, menstrual cycle, bad sexual performance

72
Q

Long term stress on Limbic system

A

Prolonged cortisol in hippocampus, explicit memories, Expansion of amygdala

73
Q

Long term stress on immune system

A

Mobilize survival so less immune

74
Q

Diathesis-stress model: diathesis

A

Genetic/constitutional predisposition

75
Q

Diathesis-stress model: stress

A

environmental trigger

76
Q

Psychiatric disorders characterized by mood or emotion

A

Depression and mania

77
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Emotional, somatic, Cognitive

78
Q

sadness/helplessness.

ADHEDONIA

A

Emotional

79
Q

Little pleasure.

A

Adhedonia

80
Q

Low energy, sleep patterns, weight loss/gain, psychomotor agitation/retardation

A

Somatic

81
Q

Feeling worthless/guilt, can’t imagine happinesss, death, suicide, decrease in concentration

A

Cognitive

82
Q

How many symptoms present for Major Depressive Disorder

A

BOTH Emotional and 3 other for 2 weeks

83
Q

mild persistent depression, emotional/cognitive, can worsen

A

Dysthymia

84
Q

Responds to pos/neg experiences (sensitive to negative . Weight gain/hypersomnia/appetite. SSRI’s and psychotherapy

A

Atypical depression

85
Q

Depressive symptoms 1 month after birth, Decrease in estrogen

A

Postpartum depression

86
Q

Occurs in the winter, reduction in sunlight, decreased serotonin and melatonin,

A

Seasonal affective disorder

87
Q

Full manic/depression

A

Bipolar 1

88
Q

Full depressive/not full manic

A

Bipolar 2

89
Q

Mild depression and manic

A

Cyclothymia

90
Q

Symptoms of mania

A

restless, excitement, laughter, self-confidence, distracted, loss of inhibition, verbal memory

91
Q

Block reuptake of serotonin

A

SSRI

92
Q

serotonin and norepinephrine uptake inhibitors

A

SNRI

93
Q

block breakdown of serotonin and catecholamines

A

MAOI

94
Q

prevent reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine

A

tricycles

95
Q

Treatment for bipolar disorder

A

Lithium

96
Q

Depression untreated with drugs may result in proliferation of monoamine receptors

A

Monoamine theory of depression

97
Q

Bridges the gap between drug effect at synapse and behavioral effect. Depression results from a decrease of neuroplastic processes* in the amygdala, PFC, and hippocampus > neuron loss & other neural pathology

A

Neuroplasticity theory of depression

98
Q

Non-pharma cures for depression

A

Deep brain stimulation, sleep deprivation, exercise, electrocolvultive therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy

99
Q

Positive Behavioral Symptoms (SZ)

A

Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized symptoms

100
Q

Negative Behavioral Symptoms (SZ)

A

flat effect (not emotional tone), avolition (no volition), associality (no social), anhedonia, alogia (no speech)

101
Q

Cognitive symptoms (SZ)

A

Attention, executive function, working memory, cognitive flexibility

102
Q

less activity in frontal lobes

A

Hypofrontility (SZ)

103
Q

many genes involved

A

polygenetic

104
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

genetics + trigger = depression/stress

105
Q

Brain abnormalities in SZ

A

increased ventricles, thinning of cortex, heterotopias

106
Q

small displaced grey matter probably migrating during prenatal but never made it to cortex

A

heterotopias

107
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis of SZ

A

Dopamine transmission is elevated in some brain regions (NA). D2 receptor

108
Q

OLD SZ DRUGS

A

D2 receptor antagonist, only positive symptoms, movement

109
Q

NEW SZ DRUGS

A

D2 antagonist, both -/+ symptoms.

110
Q

dopamine receptor seen in SZ

A

D2. Increased dopamine

ZBrain & Behavior (4 decks)

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