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ZBrain & Behavior > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Describe six areas of neuroscience that are particularly relevant to biosychological inquiry

A

neuroanatomy (parts of brain and function); neurophysiology (how do they work); neurochemistry (neurotransmitters for communication); neuropathology (disease/damage of brain); neuropharmacology (drug interactions); neuroendocrinology (hormones)

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2
Q

Why can we use non-humans to study human processes?

A

less ethical, reproduction is faster, simpler brain structure but still similar

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3
Q

Describe basic, applied, and translational research?

A

Basic (broadly applied); applied (apply to specifics); translational (applying knowledge to populations)

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4
Q

Describe neuroplasticity

A

Ability of brain to change

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5
Q

Describe converging operations

A

Using multiple correlational (2 variables measured), experimental, and quasi-experimental approaches

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6
Q

Parts of a neuron & Zones

A

INPUT: Dendrites (receive information), Sona (cell body); INTEGRATION: Axon Hillock;
CONDUCTION: axon moving signals;
TRANSMISSION: Terminal and synapse

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7
Q

What are the functions of oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells?

A

Provide insulation for transmission of signal down the axon

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8
Q

Function of astrocytes?

A

Wrap around terminals of related axons, remove waster & ions, structural support, and dense scars upon injury

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9
Q

Difference between motor and sensory neurons?

A

Sensory bring information from impulse; motor carry our information

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10
Q

What/Where is the BBB?

A

Around blood vessels in the brain. Protect against charged particles, bacteria, and maintain specific environment.

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11
Q

Describe a synapse. Which is post/pre synaptic. Where are NT vesicles and where are ion channels/receptors?

A

Gap between terminal and dendrite. Post before and pre after. NT vesicles are in pre. Ion channels are in post

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12
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Somas/dendrites

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13
Q

What is white matter?

A

Axons (form myelinated sheaths)

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14
Q

3 main divisions of the brain?

A

Forebrain (mainly cortex); Midbrain (brainstem); Hindbrain (cerebellum/brainstem)

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15
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

Medulla, pons, midbrain

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16
Q

Structures in forebrain (8)

A 
Cortex
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus 
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
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17
Q

Where is medulla. And what does it do?

A

Under pons. Vital reflexes

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18
Q

Where is pons. And what does it do?

A

Above medulla. Sleep/REM. Norepinephrine.

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19
Q

Where is cerebellum. And what does it do?

A

Movement and well-learned movement.

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20
Q

Where is midbrain. What does it do?

A

Above pons. Visual and auditory stimuli. Dopamine.

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21
Q

Where is thalamus and what does it do?

A

Above midbrain. Relay station.

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22
Q

Where is the hypothalamus and what does it do?

A

In front of pons. Homeostasis

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23
Q

Where is the pituitary gland and what does it do?

A

Attached to hypothalamus. Hormone producing.

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24
Q

Where is the pineal gland and what does it do?

A

Behind thalamus. Makes melatonin

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25
Q

Where is the corpus callous and what does it do?

A

you know where lmao. Mass axons connecting both hemispheres.

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26
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Memory

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27
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Emotion

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28
Q

Function of the limbic system?

A

Memory and emotion. Hippocampus and Amygdala

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29
Q

Function of the basal ganglia and disease associated with it?

A

Facilitation of movement, cognition and emotion. Huntington’s; Partkinson’s.

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30
Q

What disease is associated with the hippocampus?

A

Alzheimer’s

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31
Q

What disease is associated with the amygdala?

A

aggression?????

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32
Q

What is the DRG

A

group of unipolar cell bodies in the dorsal root

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33
Q

What is the DRG

A

group of unipolar cell bodies in the dorsal root for SENSORY axons

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34
Q

Identify on picture: Dorsal root, ventral root, DR.

A

YOU GOT THIS CHAMP

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35
Q

Where are the somas for the motor neurons

A

in the ventral horn

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36
Q

Where are the somas for the motor neurons

A

in the ventral horn

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37
Q

Structures of the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord.

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38
Q

Structures of the PNS

A

Nerves outside of the CNS

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39
Q

PNS Subdivisions

A

Autonomic (internal); Somatic (voluntary)

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40
Q

Role of Autonomic NS? PNS

A

Sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming)

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41
Q

Role of Somatic NS? PNS

A

Sensory and motor

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42
Q

Role of Somatic NS? PNS

A

Sensory and motor

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43
Q

Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT (immediate energy expenditure)

REST AND DIGEST (nonemergency functions)

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44
Q

Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT (immediate energy expenditure)

REST AND DIGEST (nonemergency functions)

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45
Q

What are cranial nerves and how many are there?

A

Sensory and Motor for face/head. 12 pairs.

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46
Q

What are cranial nerves and how many are there?

A

Sensory and Motor for face/head. 12 pairs.

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47
Q

What are cranial nerves and how many are there?

A

Sensory and Motor for face/head. 12 pairs.

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48
Q

What is heritability, how is it studied, problems?

A

HB: the contribution of genetic differences to phenotype. Studied through twin studies, biochem, adoption studies.. Problems: Genetics/prenatal environment. Bio kids have bio parents despite being raised great.

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49
Q

What is heritability, how is it studied, problems?

A

HB: the contribution of genetic differences to phenotype. Studied through twin studies, biochem, adoption studies.. Problems: Genetics/prenatal environment. Bio kids have bio parents despite being raised great.

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50
Q

Sex-linked gene? Example?

A

Gene found on the Y or X Chromosome. Red-green color blindness.

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51
Q

Sex-Limiting Gene? Example?

A

Autosomal genes influenced by sex chromosomes. Chest hair/breasts.

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52
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Structure of DNA has implications for gene expression.

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53
Q

Epigenetic vs Genetic?

A

Genetic: Sequence
Epigenetic: Structure.

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54
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Structure of DNA has implications for gene expression.

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55
Q

Experiments of Genes and Experience (maze rats and IQ kiddos)

A

RATS: breed least/most mistakes, two complete generations. Raised both gens in impoverished and rich environments&raquo_space; impoverished rats made most mistakes.
KIDS: Intelligence develops as an interaction of inheritance and experience. Can inherit potential for superior intelligence, but might not be realized in poverty-stricken environment

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56
Q

Experiments of Genes and Experience (maze rats and IQ kiddos)

A

RATS: breed least/most mistakes, two complete generations. Raised both gens in impoverished and rich environments&raquo_space; impoverished rats made most mistakes.
KIDS: Intelligence develops as an interaction of inheritance and experience. Can inherit potential for superior intelligence, but might not be realized in poverty-stricken environment.

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57
Q

At rest which ions are more concentrated inside the cell? outside the cell?

A

Inside: K+; A+
Outside: Cl-, Na+

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58
Q

What are voltage-gated channels? Where on the neuron are they found?

A

Channel that opens/closes based on membrane potential. Nodes of Ranvier

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59
Q

Action potential: Less than -60mV? More than -60mV?

A

“SODIUM IN, POTASSIUM OUT”. Depolarized (add sodium); Hyperpolarized (move potassium out).

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60
Q

Through what channel/force?

A

K+ channel opens (potassium out (gradient) in (electrostatic))
Na+ channel opens (sodium in (gradient) in (electrostatic))

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61
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump do?

A

Pump 3 Na out for 2 K in. Requires ATP. 40% of neuron energy comes from this.

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62
Q

STEPS OF ACTION POTENTIAL (threshold)

A

Axon hillock depolarizes to -40mV —- sodium channels opens —- cell becomes depolarized.

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63
Q

Where are ligand-gated channels located?

A

Dendrites?

64
Q

General vs Partial seizure. What can cause them?

A

Partial is definite focus of brain. General is widespread. Partial can evolve to general. Causes

65
Q

General vs Partial seizure. What can cause them?

A

Partial is definite focus of brain. General is widespread. Partial can evolve to general. Causes scarring from injury, developmental, irritated effects of tumor, drugs/withdrawals.

66
Q

What is an inotropic receptor?

A

Allows ions into postsynaptic cell after NT binds to it

67
Q

What is a metabotropic receptor?

A

Binds to receptor that activates G-protein

68
Q

Main excitatory NT?

A

Glutamate

69
Q

Main inhibitory NT?

A

GABA

70
Q

How are NT cleared from synapse?

A

Absorption by glia, enzyme degradation, reuptake by presynaptic terminal.

71
Q

What are the catecholamines?

A

Dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine

72
Q

What are the monoamines?

A

Dopamine, epi, ne, and serotonin

73
Q

Define agonist

A

Molecule that binds to receptor and mimics another molecule

74
Q

Define antagonist

A

Molecule that blocks another NT

75
Q

Define antagonist

A

Molecule that blocks another NT

76
Q

Where does dopamine come from

A

VTA

77
Q

Drugs of abuse do what to dopamine?

A

Release it to neurons in nucleus accumbens

78
Q

Examples of stimulant drugs

A 
Nicotine
Amphetamine (AMPH)
Methamphetamine 
Cocaine
Ecstasy (MDMA)
79
Q

What NT do stimulants increase?

A

Serotonin?

80
Q

What are psychological effects of stimulants?

A

excitement, activity, alertness, mood, fatigue

81
Q

Examples of opiates?

A

heroin, methadone (Rx). Morphine, codeine, oxycodone, fentanyl (Rx).

82
Q

What receptors do opiates use?

A

Mu-Opiod Receptor (endogenous)

83
Q

What does alcohol do to GABA transmission

A

It’s an agonist

84
Q

What does alcohol do to glutamate transmission?

A

It’s an antagonist

85
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Becomes more sensitive to less of the drugs

86
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Becomes more tolerant to the drug (more needed)

87
Q

Metabolic tolerance vs Functional tolerance

A

Metabolic: less of the drug is getting to the site of action. better at breaking it down and less goes to your brain.
Functional: Decreased responsiveness at site of action.

88
Q

What causes drug cravings after use has stopped?

A

Stress, exposure to cues, drug priming (small amounts of drug)

89
Q

What is antabuse used for?

A

Alcoholism. Blocks metabolism or alcohol so become sick of drinking.

90
Q

What NT system works with alcoholism?

A

Dopamine, glutamate, etc. `

91
Q

Methadone mechanism of action

A

AGONIST for same receptors as heroin

92
Q

Naloxone mechanism of action

A

ANTAGONIST for opiate receptors (alcohol/heroin)

93
Q

What factors are important for rating a concussion?

A

Consciousness and symptoms time

94
Q

What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy? What protein?

A

Degeneration disorder mainly in athletes. Doesnt observe til after death. TAU PROTEIN

95
Q

Who is at higher risks of TBI and CTE?

A

males, addicts, infants, elderly, prior brain injury.

96
Q

Are symptoms of TBI identifiable?

A

NOOOOOOO nigga

97
Q

ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke

A

Ischemic: BLOCKAGE
hemorrhagic: BURST

98
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

Bleeding outside of surface of brain

99
Q

Define implicit memory and provide examples

A

Non-declarative (amygdala, cerebellum, motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum). EMOTIONAL, SKILLS, CONDITIONED, PRIMING

100
Q

Define explicit memory and provide examples

A

Declarative (hippocampus, temporal cortex, thamamus) EPISODIC AND SEMANTIC (facts)

101
Q

Brain region important for working/STM?

A

Prefrontal cortex

102
Q

What was HM’s biggest impairment.

A

Couldn’t form new (declarative) memories. ANTEROGRADE amnesia.

103
Q

In memory, what is hippocampus used for

A

Consolidating memories

104
Q

What is a HEBBIAN Synapse?

A

Increased effectiveness in synapse bc of simultaneous activity in pre- and post- synaptic cells

105
Q

ALTZ: What is a plaque. What proteins?

A

Spread apart. Amyloid protein

106
Q

ALTZ: What is a tangle. What proteins?

A

Close together. Tau protein

107
Q

What is LTP?

A

Strengthening of synapses by action potentials.

108
Q

First memory symptom of ALTZ?

A

Memory loss

109
Q

Risk factors of late-onset and other factors?

A

Age.

110
Q

What is transduction?

A

Transforming physical energy into neural/electrical energy through action potentials

111
Q

What are photoreceptors called? What which is for color vision?

A

Cones (color) and rods

112
Q

What are optic nerves, chiasm, and tract?

A

Visual pathways. Each tract has some nerves from each eye.

113
Q

Dorsal stream (WHERE)

A

Spatial perception

114
Q

Ventral stream (WHAT)

A

Pattern perception

115
Q

Major brain region of homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus

116
Q

Two main things that can make you thirsty and what types of thirst are they?

A

Eating salty foods (OSMOTIC)

Loss of fluid (HYPOVOLEMIC)

117
Q

What are circumventicular organs

A

Spaces in BBB so brain can sample blood

118
Q

Insulin vs Glucagon

A

Insulin: Delivers glucose to cells for use/storage
Glucagon: Breaks down stored glycogen for use.

119
Q

Do neurons need insulin to use glucose?

A

Nopees

120
Q

hunger or satiety signals: Serotonin

A

satiety

121
Q

hunger or satiety signals: leptin

A

satiety

122
Q

hunger or satiety signals: ghrelin

A

hunger

123
Q

Define circadian and circuannual rhythm and examples

A

Daily and annual. Body temp, hormones, sleep/wake.

124
Q

What is the significance of the SCN?

A

MASTER CLOCK. Sleep and temperature patterns.

125
Q

How is melatonin involved in circadian patterns?

A

Makes you sleepy through SCN and light

126
Q

What structure makes melatonin?

A

Pineal gland

127
Q

What are some functions of sleep

A

Energy conservation, breakdown of debris, memory compensation, avoid predation

128
Q

EEG patterns, heart rate, breathing & blood pressure as you go from sleeping stage 1 to 4

A

Slow down and become more sync

129
Q

What is EEG like in REM

A

Fast fast fast!! You have really vivid dreams.

130
Q

With age: amount of sleep, REM sleep, sleeping disorders?

A

Less sleeping, Less REM, more disorders

131
Q

What brain region controls hormone release from pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

132
Q

How are hormones transported around body?

A

Through blood vessels

133
Q

3 classes of sex steroid hormones

A

Androgens (testosterone/DHT), estrogens, progestins

134
Q

Organizational vs activation effects of hormones

A

Organizational: influence anatomy, physiology, and behavior.
Activational: temporary. Reproduction

135
Q

What hormones do developing testes secrete?

A

Anti-mullerian hormone, DHT, and testosterone.

136
Q

What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

Estrogen, progesterone

137
Q

Define intersex condition

A

intermediate/ambiguous sex development

138
Q

Turners Syndrome

A

XO

139
Q

Kleinfelters Syndrome

A

XXY

140
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

Higher than typical testosterone

141
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

genetic mutation in androgen receptors

142
Q

Two systems model of stress

A

SNS: energy for immediate use

HPA A: stress hormones from cortex

143
Q

3 parts of general adaptation system

A

Alarm (SNS), Resistance (HPA), Exhaustion.

144
Q

Level of glucocorticoids related to stress system?

A 
Low = weak negative = more stress
High = good negative = less stress/manage
145
Q

Symptoms of major depression

A

EMOTIONAL, SOMATIC, COGNITIVE

146
Q

Symptoms of atypical depression

A

Respond to pos/neg experiences. Weight gain/hypersomnia/appetite.

147
Q

Symptoms of mania

A

restless activity, decreases sleep, inhibition, distracted, laughter, racing thoughts

148
Q

Symptoms of dysthymia

A

emotional/cognitive. mild/persistent

149
Q

What is lithium often used to treat?

A

bipolar disorder

150
Q

What are SSRIS (MAOIS and tryciclics) used to treat

A

depression. serotonin

151
Q

What neurotransmitter system does mood disorders affect

A

Serotonin and norepinephrine

152
Q

Symptoms of SKZ:

A

POSITIVE: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought.
NEGATIVE: Flat effect, avolition (will), asociality, anhedonia, alogia

153
Q

Symptoms of SKZ that are hard to treat:

A

Negative

154
Q

How does prevalence and onset differ between males and females?

A

More common in men. More onset in men

155
Q

NT active/inactive in SKZ:

A

ACTIVE: Dopamine, serotonin.
INACTIVE: Glutamate

156
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

Diathesis: genetic predisposition
Stress: Environmental trigger

ZBrain & Behavior (4 decks)

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