Unit 4 - Early Childhood Development Flashcards
Imprinting
A phenomenon where certain animals, notably birds, will follow the first moving object they see immediately following birth or hatch
Imitation
The simplest form of learning (most powerful)
Critical learning periods
A point in time in which an organism is at it’s peak capacity to learn
Nature vs Nurture
The debate and investigation as to what the contributing factors are that determine behavior, personality, and development
Self fulfilling prophecy
Process in which a persons expectation about another elicits behavior from that person that confirms the expectation
4 ways to study development
- Socially
- Emotionally
- Cognitively
- Morally
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (8)
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- Initiative vs Guilt
- Industry vs Inferiority
- Identity vs Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs Isolation
- Generativity vs Stagnation
- Integrity vs Despair
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
1. Trust vs Mistrust
Ages 0-1
Infants learn to trust or mistrust that their needs will be met by the world, especially by the mother
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Ages 2-3
Children learn to exercise will, to make choices, and to control themselves or they become uncertain and doubt that they can do things by themselves
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
3. Initiative vs Guilt
Ages 3-5
Children learn to initiate activities and enjoy their accomplishment, acquiring direction and purpose. If they are not allowed initiative, they feel guilty for their attempts at independence
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
4. Industry vs Inferiority
Ages 6-11
Children develop a sense of industry and curiosity and are eager to learn or they feel inferior and lose interest in the tasks before them
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
5. Identity vs Role Confusion
Adolescence
Adolescents come to see themselves as unique and integrated persons with an ideology and relate with a group, or they change identities searching for an identity, or they develop a sense of isolation
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
6. Intimacy vs Isolation
Early adulthood
Young people became able to commit themselves to another person, or they develop a sense of isolation and feel they have no one in the world but themselves
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
7. Generativity vs Stagnation
Middle age
Adults are willing to have and care for children and to devote themselves to their world and the common good or they become self-centered and inactive
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
8. Integrity vs Despair
Old age
Older people enter a period of reflection, becoming assured that their lives have been meaningful and ready to face death with acceptance and dignity or they are in despair for their unaccomplished goals, failures, and ill-spent lives
Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latent
- Genital
Freud’s psychodynamic personality
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (4)
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete operational
- Formal operational
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
1. Sensorimotor
Birth-2
- Senses
- Understand external world
- Object permanence
- Begin to understand basics cause and effect
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (Sensorimotor)
– object permanence
The knowledge that objects exist even when they are not perceived
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
2. Preoperational
Ages 2-7
- Use and understand symbols and images
- Develop language
- Intelligence is intuitive
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
3. Concrete operational
Ages 7-11
- Understand logic to concrete (solid, real) ideas
- Develop understanding of dimensions (tall or skinny, not and)
- Think categorically
- Developed concept of conservation
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (Concrete operational)
– Conservation
The ability to recognize that important properties such as volume, number or weight don’t change despite changes in shape, length or position
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
4. Formal operational
Over 11
1. Capable of abstract thought, probability, possibilities
