Final S2 Flashcards
0
Q
9 ego defense mechanisms
A
- Rationalization
- Reaction formation
- Projection
- Displacement
- Sublimation
- Repression
- Regression
- Denial
- Humor
1
Q
Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages of development
A
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latent
- Genital
2
Q
The 9 ego defense mechanisms -
- Rationalization
- example
A
Making logical excuses for failure
Ex: I failed my test because I didn’t get enough sleep instead of I didn’t know the material
3
Q
The 9 ego defense mechanisms -
- Reaction formation
- example
A
Person acts, thinks, or feels the exact opposite of true self
Ex: someone saying that it wasn’t a big deal that she aced her test when she actually is really excited and proud
4
Q
The 9 ego defense mechanisms -
- Projection
- example
A
Attributing to others thoughts, feelings and actions we don’t (or do) like about ourselves
Ex: picking on your friend for always being late when you are always late also and you don’t like that quality of yourself
5
Q
The 9 ego defense mechanisms -
- Displacement
- Example
A
Impulse is shifted to a safer substitute
Ex: punching a wall instead of punching your boss that just yelled at you
6
Q
The 9 ego defense mechanisms -
- Sublimation
- Example
A
Channeling id impulses into socially acceptable behavior
Ex: instead of yelling at a friend you are mad at, you run on the treadmill and release your anger that way
7
Q
The 9 ego defense mechanisms -
- Repression
- example
A
Unwanted thoughts are pushed down into unconsciousness
Ex: when someone can’t remember a tragic event such as a car crash because they pushed their feelings down
8
Q
The 9 ego defense mechanisms -
- Regression
- example
A
Return to an earlier stage of development
Ex: instead of working on my college application I cuddled with my teddy bear and watched spongebob
9
Q
The 9 ego defense mechanisms -
- Denial
- example
A
Selective forgetting and/or the refusal to admit to certain realities
Ex: saying you forgot to go to your dentist appointment but really ego just didn’t want to go to it since it’s scared
10
Q
The 9 ego defense mechanisms -
- Humor
- example
A
Attempt to defocus attention to our egos, used to desensitize us from serious issues
Ex: when you trip and fall in front of a large group while roller skating and you strike a funny pose to make them laugh so you aren’t embarrassed
11
Q
Why has the mind been compared to an iceberg?
A
The visible top part of the iceberg relates to our conscious which makes up 10% of our mind while the lower hidden part represents our unconscious which is 90% of our mind
12
Q
What is the Itzig principle and how does it relate to the unconscious?
A
When someone asked Itzig where he was going when he was riding a horse and he said don’t ask me ask the horse. This shows how our unconscious controls many of our physical activities.
13
Q
What was Freud’s great secret?
A
The fact that we may live in two different kinds of reality: the actual reality of the would around us and a psychic reality composed of our wishes, fears, dreams and angers of the past.
14
Q
Explain the importance of the work of Dr. Breuer and Anna O.
A
Breur discovered how hypnotizing people could cure their physical symptoms since they were able to release their repressed emotions. Their traumatic events were repressed and thus caused physical illness. He also realized that feelings could be transferred over to therapists.
15
Q
What did Franz Mesmer invent?
A
He invented hypnosis. He would save an iron wand that was believed to posses a magnetic fluid with a mystical power of healing. This would mesmerize them.
16
Q
3 psychodynamic personality parts
A
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
17
Q
Id
A
- Has basic biological drives, urges and needs
- Reacts off the pleasure principle (seeks pleasure through sex and aggression and avoids pain)
- is unconscious
18
Q
Ego
A
- part of the personality that deals with reality
- is rational and concerned with self-preservation
- often paranoid, it acts as referee between Id and Superego
- is conscious
19
Q
Superego
A
- the conscience
- only concerned with morals, values, right and wrong
- both conscious and unconscious
20
Q
Psychology
A
The study of the mind and behavior
21
Q
Operant conditioning
A
Procedure developed by B.F. Skinner to change behavior based on a reinforcement principle that follows a response
22
Q
Positive reinforcement
A
Increases the likelihood that a response will continue
23
Q
Negative reinforcement
A
Decreases the likelihood that a response will continue
24
Classical conditioning
A type of simple learning based on repeated association where 2 stimuli are linked together and either stimuli can yield a response. Developed by Ivan Pavlov in 1906 by observing dogs
25
What did Ivan Pavlov's work prove?
That when two stimuli are associated, the presence of only one can yield the response
26
Skinner box
Apparatus used to develop the theory of operant conditioning
27
Shaping
Method of successive approximations in which responses become more and more similar to the desire final response
28
Extinction
A procedure or process in which an established behavior is undone
29
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that elicits a responses without conditioning
30
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A previous neutral stimulus that elicits a response as a result of experience
31
Unconditioned response (UCR)
An automatic, unlearned response, a reflex (instincts)
32
What is a reflex?
An unconditioned response
33
Stimulus generalization
The belief that stimuli that are similar will elicit the same response
34
Stimulus discrimination
Responding selectively to stimuli
35
Conditioning (learning)
Change in behavior as a result of experience
| Conditioning = learning
36
4 lobes of the brain (name, location, function)
1. Occipital: lower back; vision
2. Parietal: top & sides; skin and body sensations. Perception of pain, heat, cold, touch
3. Temporal: sides (temples); memory and hearing. Damage may cause difficultly in understanding speech in memory problems
4. Frontal: front (forehead); planning, abstract thinking and problem solving
37
Synapse
Gap between neurons
38
Limbic system
| - it's 3 major components
Part of the brain that elicits emotion
1. Hippocampus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Amygdala
39
Hippocampus
"Gateway" for memory - retrieves and stores it
40
Hypothalamus
Part of the brain involved with major life functions such as eating, sleeping, reproduction and drinking. Controls the pituitary gland.
41
Amygdala
Part of the brain believed to be involved with emotional arousal
42
Bimodal consciousness theory
Theory that states that each hemisphere of the brain has specific tasks
43
Corpus callosum
Transverse tissue that connects the left and right hemisphere and allows them to communicate
44
Psychoanalysis
Based on theories of sigmund Freud and investigates nature of unconscious mind
45
8 neurotransmitters
1. Epinephrine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Endorphins
4. Dopamine
5. Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)
6. Acetylcholine
7. Serotonin
8. Glutamate
46
Erik Erikson's psychosocial development (8)
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
3. Initiative vs Guilt
4. Industry vs Inferiority
5. Identity vs Role Confusion
6. Intimacy vs Isolation
7. Generativity vs Stagnation
8. Integrity vs Despair
47
Erik Erikson's psychosocial development
| 1. Trust v Mistrust
Ages 0-1
| Infants learn to trust or mistrust that their needs will be met by the world, especially by the mother
48
Erik Erikson's psychosocial development
| 2. Autonomy v Shame and Doubt
Ages 2-3
Children learn to exercise will, to make choices, and to control themselves or they become uncertain and doubt that they can do things by themselves
49
Erik Erikson's psychosocial development
| 3. Initiative v Guilt
Ages 3-5
Children learn to initiate activities and enjoy their accomplishment, acquiring direction and purpose. If they are not allowed initiative, they feel guilty for their attempts at independence
50
Erik Erikson's psychosocial development
| 4. Industry v inferiority
Ages 6-11
Children develop a sense of industry and curiosity and are eager to learn or they feel inferior and lose interest in the tasks before them
51
Erik Erikson's psychosocial development
| 5. Identity v Role confusion
Adolescence
Adolescents come to see themselves as unique and integrated persons with an ideology and relate with a group, or they change identities searching for an identity, or they develop a sense of isolation
52
Erik Erikson's psychosocial development
| 6. Intimacy v Isolation
Early adulthood
Young people became able to commit themselves to another person, or they develop a sense of isolation and feel they have no one in the world but themselves
53
Erik Erikson's psychosocial development
| 7. Generativity v Stagnation
Middle age
Adults are willing to have and care for children and to devote themselves to their world and the common good or they become self-centered and inactive
54
Erik Erikson's psychosocial development
| 8. Integrity v Despair
Old age
Older people enter a period of reflection, becoming assured that their lives have been meaningful and ready to face death with acceptance and dignity or they are in despair for their unaccomplished goals, failures, and ill-spent lives
55
Dopamine
| - 3 major functions
1. Pleasure trigger in the brain
2. Movement (in muscle cells)
3. Thought processing (in brain cells)
56
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)
Blocks messages, breakdown if GABA is known to cause epilepsy
57
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development (4)
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete operational
4. Formal operational
58
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development
| 1. Sensorimotor
Birth-2
- senses
- understand external world
- object permanence
- begin to understand basic cause and effect
59
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development
| 2. Preoperational
Ages 2-7
- use and understand symbols and images
- develop language
- intelligence is intuitive
60
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development
| 3. Concrete operational
Ages 7-11
- understand logic to concrete ideas
- develop understanding of dimensions
- think categorically
- developed concept of conservation
61
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development
| 4. Formal operational
Ages over 11
| Capable of abstract thought, probability, possibilities
62
Object permanence
The knowledge that objects exist even when they are not perceived
63
Conservation
The ability to recognize that important properties such as volume, number, or weight don't change despite changes in shape, length, or position
64
Carl Jung
| - Collective unconscious
An unconscious common to humans passed on genetically from generator to generation
65
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs (bottom to top)
1. Physiological: food, shelter, clothing
2. Safety: physical & emotional
3. Love & Belonging: acceptance/membership by a group
4. Self esteem: a feeling of self-worth
5. Self Actualization: be all you can be
66
B.F. Skinner
Developed operant conditioning and Skinner box
67
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development
| - stage 1
To avoid punishment from authority
| - preconventional
68
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development
| - stage 2
Make a good deal, a fair exchange
| - preconventional
69
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development
| - stage 3
Pleasing others; getting their approval
| - conventional
70
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development
| - stage 4
Doing your duty; follow rules to maintain social order
| - conventional
71
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development
| - stage 5
Respect rules but recognize their limits
| - post-conventional
72
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development
| - stage 6
Following universal, ethical principles such as justice, reciprocity, equality, and respect for life
- post-conventional
- tells: "always" & "under any circumstances"
73
Ivan Pavlov
The dogs salivating led him to develop classical conditioning
74
Franz Mesmer
Created hypnosis (mesmerizing). Helped find the answer to the deepest mysteries of the human mind. He showed that one man could hypnotize another and convince him to give up his illness
75
Anna O (Bertha Pappenheim)
She fell ill while taking care of her sick father. She acquired physical symptoms of paralysis of legs and arms, poor vision, muteness, and deafness and cough.was hypnotized by Breuer. She acquired feelings for him due to transfer
76
Josef Breuer
He hypnotized Anna O.
77
Sigmund Freud
Devised psychoanalysis. Found the great secret of the psychic reality. Made the iceberg principle and the unconscious theory. Developed the term transfer.
78
5 psychosexual stages of development
| 1. Oral
Birth to 1
| Gratification is gained from the mouth (biting, sucking, eating)
79
5 psychosexual stages of development
| 2. Anal
Ages 1-3
| Gratification comes from eliminative functions (urinary and bowel habits. Potty training occurs)
80
5 psychosexual stages of development
| 3. Phallic
Ages 3-6
| Age of sexual discovery. Oedipus and Electra complexes occur
81
5 psychosexual stages of development
| 4. Latent
Ages 6-12
| Nothing occurs except Oedipal and Electra complexes resolve
82
5 psychosexual stages of development
| 5. Genital
Ages 12-adulthood
| Fully sexual adults
83
Visual cliff
A glass-topped table that has a pattern placed beneath it in a way that makes one side of the table to be a huge cliff used to prove that depth perception is present at birth but fear of depth is learned later
84
Figure ground perception
- figures: features to be emphasized
- ground: the meaningless countour-less background.
Figures is the visual field that has meaning and stands in front of the rest of the relatively meaningless background
85
Absolute threshold
The minimum detectable amount of physical energy 50% of the time
86
Difference threshold
Difference between two absolute thresholds
87
Shape constancy
Objects will continue to look the same even though the shape of it's retinal image changes dramatically as you move it. The brain automatically integrates info about retinal images and distance as movement occurs
88
Binocular disparity
The difference between the two retinal images of an object that gives us depth perception as a result of convergence
89
Phobia
Unwarranted fear of a relatively harmless stimulus
90
Obsessive
Repetitive thought
91
Compulsive
Repetitive act
92
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Unwanted repetitive thoughts followed by unwanted repetitive rituals
93
Depth perception
Perception of distance attained by distance cues or binocular disparity that allows us to experience the world in 3D view, not as a 2D movie
94
Psychosis
Loss of contact with reality
95
Schizophrenia
Literally means "split mind" includes detachment from reality to own created world
96
Delusion
False idea
97
Delusion of reference
Random events occurring around individual are believed to be concerned with him/her
98
Delusion of grandeur
Belief that one is greater than he actually is
99
Delusion of persecution
"Out to get me" syndrome
100
Hallucination
Perception with no external stimulus
101
Paranoid schizophrenia
Schizophrenic with delusions of reference, delusions of persecution or both
102
Manic depression (bi-polar disorder)
Periods of mania followed by periods of depression. Severe episodes may include psychotic symptoms
Different from the normal ups and downs that everyone goes through from time to time
103
Three defining factors of Manic Depression
Frequency
Intensity
Duration
104
Anxiety
Causes fear that cause neurosis
105
Multiple personality disorder (dissociative identity disorder)
Individual having 2+ distinct mutually exclusive personalities
106
Panic attack
Comes without warning. Marked by heart palpitation and tunnel vision
107
Neurosis
Avoidance of fear; a way we deal with fear/anxiety
108
Schizoid
Split from society and other people. Withdrawn
109
Cross dominance theory
States that the left half of the brain controls the right half of the body and vice versa
110
Neuron
Basic nervous tissue
111
Partial reinforcement schedule
Reinforcement is given only some of the time. There are 4 kinds
112
4 kinds of partial reinforcement schedules
1. Variable-interval RS
2. Fixed-Interval RS
3. Variable-Ratio RS
4. Fixed-Ratio RS
113
4 kinds of partial reinforcement schedules
| - variable-interval RS
Reinforcement occurs after varying amount of time
| Ex: pop quiz, drug dogs on campus
114
4 kinds of partial reinforcement schedules
| - fixed-interval RS
Reinforcement occurs after a fixed amount of time
| Ex: break, vacations, payday
115
4 kinds of partial reinforcement schedules
| - Variable-Ratio RS
Reinforcement occurs after a variable amount of responses have occurred
Ex: slot machine, lottery tickets
116
4 kinds of partial reinforcement schedules
| - fixed-ratio RS
Reinforcement occurs after fixed amount of responses have occurred
Ex: BOGO, driving lessons (3=license)
117
Conditioned response (CR)
The response that occurs as a result of conditioning
118
Nature v Nurture
The debate and investigation as to what the contributing factors are that determine behavior, personality, and development
119
Self-Fulfilling prophecy
Process in which a persons expectation about another elicits behavior from that person that confirms the expectation
120
Placebo
A physical or psychological treatment that has no active ingredient but produces an effect because the subject thinks it will
121
Relative motion
Objects that are closer are often perceived to be moving faster than object farther away
122
Neurotransmitters
| - 2 types
Chemical messengers
1. Excitatory: continues or increases electrical impulses
2. Inhibitory: decreases or completely stops electrical impulse
122
Projective tests
Have no right or wrong answer
122
Ethical dilemmas
Lawrence Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development
123
Fixation
A tendency to continue to engage in behaviors associated with a given stage if development; arrested psychological development at a result of over gratification or under gratification
124
Displaced aggression
Displacement as an ego defense mechanism
125
Systematic desensitization
Where phobics are gradually exposed to their fears until their fear doesn't exist anymore
126
The unconscious
Storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, conflicts and experiences unavailable to consciousness
127
Too much dopamine causes what?
Schizophrenia
128
Too little dopamine causes what?
Alzheimer's disease
129
7 OCD Rituals
1. Cleaning
2. Checking
3. Repeating behaviors
4. Placing
5. Hoarding
6. Seeking reassurance
7. Counting
