Unit 4 - Disturbances of Differentiation & Cell Growth

Question 1

an increased in the substance of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the NUMBER of parenchymal cells

Answer 1

hyperplasia

Question 2

an increase in the substance of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the SIZE of already existing cells. No new cells added.

Answer 2

hypertrophy

Question 3

___________ may occur in any tissue or organ, but ________ occurs only in those tissues whose cells retain the capacity for prolideration:

Answer 3

(In order): hypertrophy, hyperplasia

Question 4

These processes are closely related and may develop concurrently in the same tissue or organ:

Answer 4

hypertrophy, hyperplasia

Question 5

What type of tissues usually respond with hypertrophy?

Answer 5

smooth and skeletal muscle

Question 6

What tissue types respond with hyperplasia?

Answer 6

lymphoid tissue, spleen, bone marrow

Question 7

What is the etiology for both hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

Answer 7

• increased functional demand/work load, and/or endocrine stimulation or excessive nutrition

Question 8

What is the pathogenesis for both hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

Answer 8

1. increased work load
2. increased metabolic activity of cells
3. proliferation of golgi complex or RER due to increased # of mitochondria

Question 9

When much of the function of one kidney is lost, hypertrophy occurs in the remaining kidney:

Answer 9

compensatory hypertrophy

Question 10

What is the physiologic response of the body to a thrombus on the aortic valve?

Answer 10

interferes with blood leaving left ventricle –> increases pressure in left ventricle increased work load –> myocardial fibers stretch and increase in size –> hypertrophy of left ventricular myocardium

Question 11

Hypertrophy in muscles is caused by?

Answer 11

increase in muscular activity which increases blood and nutrient supply –> increases muscle fiber size

Question 12

How can iodine deficiency cause hypertrophy?

Answer 12

overwork of thyroid to compensate –> enlargement –> goiter

Question 13

What is helpful in differentiating neoplasia from hyperplasia?

Answer 13

in hyperplasia, the tissue looks structurally the same - just larger

Question 14

neoplasia, particularly malignant neoplasia will cause:

Answer 14

destruction of the tissue

Question 15

What are the two exceptions to hyperplasia NOT destroying tissue?

Answer 15

nodular hyperplasia in the liver and spleen

Question 16

replacement of the bone by reactive hyperplasia of fibrous CT is called:

Answer 16

fibrous osteodystrophy

Question 17

Not associated with hepatocellular dysfunction but must be distinguished from hepatic neoplasms:

Answer 17

nodular hyperplasia of the liver

Question 18

Excessive growth of pancreatic exocrine tissue with unknown cause and lack of clinical signs:

Answer 18

nodular hyperplasia in the pancreas

Question 19

Which organ is a common site for cancer of endothelial cells? What is this cancer called?

Answer 19

spleen; hemangiosarcoma

Question 20

Nodules of hyperplasia on the spleen are of no consequence unless:

Answer 20

they form hemotomas

Question 21

white plaques along the margin of the head of the spleen that are a common incidental finding:

Answer 21

sidero-calcific plaques

Question 22

Common in old dogs and are likely a consequence of minor previous hemorrhage:

Answer 22

sidero-calcific plaques

Question 23

Hepatic coccidiosis in the rabbit is caused by Eimeria stiedae. Forsly, we see this lesion as white raised nodular areas. What are they actually?

Answer 23

distended bile ducts due to hyperplasia

Question 24

What is a common sequela of E. stiedae distending the bile ducts?

Answer 24

icterus

Question 25

Growth and distention of the bile ducts involved with E. stiedae causes what lesion in the adjacent hepatic tissue?

Answer 25

pressure atrophy

Question 26

Why does E. stiedae cause pressure atrophy?

Answer 26

because it interferes with blood supply to the adjacent hepatic tissue

Question 27

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by:

Answer 27

prominent thickening of the septum and left ventricular free wall

Question 28

dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by:

Answer 28

taurine deficiency

Question 29

What is the morphological characteristic of the hypertrophied myofibers in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? What is this sometimes referred to as?

Answer 29

disarray and disorganization; myofiber disarray

Question 30

Polyploidy can sometimes be seen in horse livers in animals grazing in pastures that is significantly contaminated with:

Answer 30

toxic plants that contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids

THIS IS HYPERTROPHY

Question 31

What do you think is prevalent in the toxic liver disease associated with horses ingesting toxic plants?

Answer 31

fibrosis

Question 32

Causes an proliferation of organelles and/or cell division until a new balance is reached:

Answer 32

increased cell activity

Question 33

What are the causes of physiologic hyperplasia?

Answer 33

hormonal (maturity/development)

Question 34

What are the causes of pathologic hyperplasia (Cevin)?

Answer 34

1. Chronic irritation
2. Endocrine
3. Virus Induced
4. Increased blood flow
5. Nodular hyperplasia

Question 35

Reaction to chronic inflammation. Inherited in boxers and swedish silver foxes:

Answer 35

nodular gingival hyperplasia

Question 36

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia is marked by:

Answer 36

hypertrophy of gland cells with a grossly visible bubbly appearance

Question 37

Hypertrophy seen with lymphocystis disease in fish is caused by:

Answer 37

Iridovirus infection of dermal fibroblasts

Question 38

Canine papillomavirus is an example of:

Answer 38

hyperplasia

Question 39

3 Morphological consistencies of microscopic hyperplasia:

Answer 39

1. definite structures
2. increased cells
3. well differentiated

Question 40

reactive fibroblast hyperplasia and CT production:

Answer 40

fibrous osteodystrophy

Question 41

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by (2):

Answer 41

1. myofiber disarray

2. fibrosis