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Veterinary Pathology > Unit 3 - 3.1-3.4 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - 3.1-3.4 Flashcards

1
Q

The cellular response to a mediator may vary depending on:

A

the mediator concentration

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2
Q

For every mediator, there is:

A

one or more inhibitor

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3
Q

Do mediators have long or short lives?

A

short

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4
Q

What can change the effects of mediators?

A

species, tissue locaion

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5
Q

Are almost all chemical mediators endogenous or exogenous?

A

endogenous

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6
Q

What are the first mediators released?

A

histamine and serotonin

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7
Q

How is histamine stored?

A

as granules in mast cells

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8
Q

What are the effects of histamine?

A

pain, smooth muscle contraction, arteriole dilation, increased permeability of venules

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9
Q

How is serotonin stored?

A

as granules in platelets

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10
Q

What are the effects of serotonin?

A

smooth muscle contraction, dilation of arterioles, increased permeability of venules, stimulation of fibroblasts

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11
Q

What cleaves kininogens?

A

kallikreins

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12
Q

How are kinins carries in the blood?

A

as inactive kinogens

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13
Q

What activates prekallikreins?

A

hageman factor (XII), plasmin, and neutrophil enzymes

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14
Q

What is the most important kinin?

A

bradykinin

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15
Q

What does bradykinin do?

A

pain, increased vascular permeability, vasoconstriction/vasodilation

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16
Q

What product from the digestion of fibrin can also increase permeability and vasoconstriction?

A

fibrinopeptides

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17
Q

Circulating kininases inactive:

A

kinins

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18
Q

Consists of nine proteins that are produced in the liver and other cells, and circulate in the plasma in an inactive form

A

complement

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19
Q

assembles to form a membrane attack complex that perforates cells

A

C1-C9

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20
Q

Which complement fragments are anaphylatoxins (have proinflammatory effects)

A

C3a, C4a, C5a

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21
Q

Which complement fragment opsonizes bacteria?

A

C3b

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22
Q

platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

A

thromboxanes (A1, A2)

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23
Q

main function is vasodilation; PGI2 also inhibitor of platelet aggregation

A

Prostaglandins (PGE2, PGI2)

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24
Q

Causes vascular leakage, vasoconstriction or vasodilation, chemotaxis

A

Leukotriene pathway (5-lipoxygenase)

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25
Q

Antiinflammatory

A

Lipoxin pathway

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26
Q

What are the three potential pathways for development of eicosanoids?

A
  1. cycolooxygenase
  2. leukotriene
  3. lipoxin
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27
Q

Formed from phospholipids after the arachidonic acid is removed

A

platelet activating factors (PAF)

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28
Q

What produces PAF?

A

leukocytes, mast cells, endothelium, platelets, some epithelial cells

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29
Q

When are PAFs most commonly seen?

A

allergic reactions

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30
Q

acute phase response cytokine - released due to burns or tissue damage

A

IL-6

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31
Q

How does IL-6 increase temperature?

A

by increasing energy mobilization

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32
Q

very powerful, causes tumor necrosis, induces acute and chronic inflammation

A

TNF alpha

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33
Q

induce movement of cells into sites of inflammation

A

chemotaxins

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34
Q

have effects on inflammation by damaging membranes and DNA

A

free radicals

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35
Q

any molecule generated in an area of inflammation that modules the inflammatory process in some way

A

chemical mediator

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36
Q

What does it mean that most mediators are endogenous?

A

produced by the cells involved in the inflammatory process

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37
Q

What are the two most important vasoactive amines?

A

histamine and serotonin

38
Q

Why are histamine and serotonin instantly available?

A

pre-formed inside the cell

39
Q

Overall, histamine tends to contract _____ _______ and dilate ____ ________.

A

large arteries, small arterioles

40
Q

When blood clots:

A

numerous kinins are produced, especially bradykinin

41
Q

Where are complement proteins mostly synthesized?

42
Q

When does the classical complement pathway begin?

A

when a molecule of C1 binds to two Fc portions of IgG

43
Q

Which glycoprotein protects blood and epithelial cells from the MAC?

A

protectin (CD59)

44
Q

What is the proinflammatory effect of C3b?

A

settles on cell membranes and prepares them for phagocytosis (opsonization)

45
Q

Name refers to the fact that one of the fatty acids in the phospholipid molecule is the 20 C fatty acid, arachidonic acid

A

eicosanoids

46
Q

What are the three pathways within the eicosanoid system that liberates arachidonic acid from phospholipids?

A
  1. cyclooxygenase
  2. lipoxygenase
  3. lipoxin cell-cell interaction
47
Q

What does the cyclooxygenase pathway produce?

A

prostaglandins and thromboxanes

48
Q

What does the lipoxygenase pathway produce?

A

leukotrienes

49
Q

What does the lipoxin cell-cell interaction pathway produces?

A

lipoxins (anti-inflammatory)

50
Q

All mammalian cells except what can produce prostaglandins if stimulated properly?

A

erythrocytes

51
Q

What cell produces PGE2?

A

stimulated macrophages

52
Q

What produces PGI2 (prostacyclin)?

A

vascular tissues

53
Q

What is the main effect of PGE2 and PGI2?

A

vasodilation

54
Q

Thromboxane A2 is produced by:

55
Q

What is the function of thromboxane A2?

A

platelet aggregator and vasoconstrictor

56
Q

How are leukotrienes generated?

A

from arachidonic acid by 5-lipoxygenase (enzyme)

57
Q

PAFs serve as mediators for”

A

many leukocyte functions

58
Q

Produced by macrophages, monocytes, fibroblasts, and dendritic cells:

59
Q

Function of IL-1:

A

increased vascular permeability and causes leukocyte emigration

60
Q

What is the other term for IL-1

A

endogenous pyrogen

61
Q

Acts as both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine

62
Q

Secreted by T cells and by macrophages to stimulate immune response to trauma

63
Q

Which IL is the most important mediator of fever and the acute phase response?

64
Q

PAMPs bind to:

A

PRRs (pathogen recognition receptors)

65
Q

produced by macrophages in response to bacterial infections and other stimuli

66
Q

Include a large number of secreted chemokines as well as chemotactic substances elaborated by bacteria and chemotactic substances released by dead and dying substances:

A

chemotaxins

67
Q

secreted proteins that induce neutrophil, macrophage, and lymphocyte chemotaxis into sites of inflmmation; produced by all nucleated cells in the body:

A

chemokines

68
Q

synthesized by endothelial cells, macrophages and some cerebral neurons used the enzyme, nitric acid synthase

A

nitric oxide

69
Q

causes vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation and adhesion, inhibits mast cell-induced inflammation, oxidizes lipids, and regulates leukocyte chemotaxis

A

nitric oxide

70
Q

first leukocyte on the scene:

A

neutrophil

71
Q

Have multilobular nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm (may or may not be evident)

A

neutrophils

72
Q

Survival of neutrophils in blood:

73
Q

Survival of neutrophils in tissue:

74
Q

Transmigration of neutrophils is in response to:

A

chemotactic factors

75
Q

Where are eosinophils formed?

A

bone marrow

76
Q

Life span of eosinophils:

77
Q

2 chemoattactants for eosinophils:

A

histamine, eosinophilic chemotactic factor A

78
Q

Associated with parasitic infections and allergic/anaphylactic reactions (hypersensitivities):

A

eosinophils

79
Q

have a multilobed nucleus, originate in the bone marrow, are released into the circulating blood and may emigrate into extravascular tissue at the site of inflammation

80
Q

have a round to reniform nucleus, populate connective tissue, and are normally found in the CT of nearly every tissue of the body

A

mast cells

81
Q

How long do mast cells live?

A

4-12 weeks

82
Q

increased vascular permeability

A

histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotriene C4

83
Q

chemotaxis of eosinophils

A

ECF-A, histamine

84
Q

preventing blood clots

85
Q

activation of platelets (aggregation and release of contents)

A

platelet activating factor (PAF)

86
Q

chemotaxis of neutrophils

87
Q

dilutes venules

A

histamine, PGE2

88
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

serotonin, PGF2

89
Q

Constricts hepatic veins (dogs)

90
Q

smooth muscle contraction

A

histamine, leukotriene C4, PGF2

91
Q

stimulates exocrine secretions, bronchial mucus secretion, lacrimation, salivation, gastric acid secretion

92
Q

Drug of choice for treating anaphylactic shock:

A

epinephrine

Veterinary Pathology (14 decks)

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