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[mt 6315] cytogen > Unit 4: Chromosome Discovery & Structure > Flashcards

Unit 4: Chromosome Discovery & Structure Flashcards

1
Q

carried traits from one generation to the next

A

Mendelian “factors”

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2
Q

observed cells in various stages of division and recognized that chromosomal movement during mitosis offered a mechanism for the precise distribution of nuclear material during cell division

A

Walther Flemming

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2
Q

characteristics that are studied for the
transmission / inheritance of traits

A

Mendelian factors

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3
Q

recognized and explored the fibrous network within the nucleus – termed as chromatin or “stainable material”

A

Walther Flemming

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3
Q

Father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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4
Q

̶provided the first evidence that germ cell chromosomes imparted continuity between generations

A

Theodor Boveri

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5
Q

his work on Ascaris embryos provided one of the first descriptions of meiosis

A

Theodor Boveri

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6
Q

one of the pioneers of embryology

A

Theodor Boveri

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7
Q

confirmed and expanded upon Boveri’s observations

A

walter sutton

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8
Q

described the configurations of individual chromosomes in cells at various stages of meiosis (testes of Brachystola magna)

A

walter sutton

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9
Q

Their experiments provided the physical basis of the Mendelian law of heredity – developed the “Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

A

boveri & sutton

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10
Q

credited by creating the 1st genetic map where they link certain characteristics to a certain position in a chromosome

A

boveri & sutton

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10
Q

Discovery of sex chromosomes and association between specific genes and specific chromosomes

A

morgan & bridges

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11
Q

color

A

chroma

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11
Q

Experimentally demonstrated Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
using Drosophila melanogaster – pioneered “Fly Room” experiments

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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11
Q

helped establish the chromosomal basis of heredity and sex

A

Calvin Bridges

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11
Q

Threadlike structures or “colored bodies”

A

chromosome

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11
Q

Made of protein and a single molecule of DNA

A

chromosome

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12
Q

body

A

soma

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13
Q

somatic cells

A

mitosis

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13
Q

maternal traits are carried by?

A

mitochondria

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13
Q

germ cells

A

meiosis

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13
Q

Factors that distinguish one species from
another

A

chromosome

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13
Q

T/F: Majority of diseases linked w/ nuclear genome

A

T

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13
Q

Enable transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next

A

chromosome

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14
Q

DNA + Proteins

A

Nucleosome

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15
Q

Ensure daughter cell retains its own complete genetic complement

A

chromosome in mitosis

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16
Q

Enable each mature ovum and sperm to contain a unique single set of parental genes

A

chromosome in meiosis

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17
Q

how many are the human chromosomes

A

44 autosomes & 2 sex chromosomes

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18
Q

Other DNA materials found in?

A

mitochondria

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19
Q

how many are the mitochrondrial DNA

A

37

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20
Q

the molecule of life

A

DNA

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21
Q

T/F: Approximately 20k to 25k genes code for proteins that perform most life functions

A

T

22
Q

Replicated condensed chromosome with sister chromatids

A

Metaphase Chromosome

23
Q

linking protein, controls contraction/relaxation of nucleosomes

A

H1

23
Q

relaxed H1 = ____ chromatin

A

loose

24
Q

condensed chromatin = contracted = _______

A

heterochromatin

25
Q

controlled by H1

A

eochromatin & heterochromatin

26
Q

̶- Central region
̶- Primary constriction where sister chromatids are linked

A

centromere

26
Q

̶- Consists of several hundred kilobases of repetitive DNA
̶- Responsible for chromosome movement at cell division

A

centromere

26
Q

Two identical strands which are the result of DNA replication

A

chromatids

27
Q

T/F: Short & Long arms can be transcribed and translated

A

F, they do not get transcribed nor translated

27
Q

designated as p (petite)

A

short / p arm

27
Q

designated as q (queus) or g (grande)

A

long / q arm

28
Q

where kinetochore microtubule attaches

A

centromere

29
Q

Organelle located at the centromere region

A

kinetochore

29
Q

̶- Microtubule organizing center
̶- Facilitates spindle formation

A

kinetochore

30
Q

chromosome types

A

Based on number of centromeres
Based on centromere position
Based on Arms Ratio

31
Q

▪ Single centromere
▪ Reliably transmitted from parental to daughter cells

A

monocentric

32
Q

▪ lacks centromere
▪ genetically unstable because they cannot be maneuvered properly during
cell division and are usually lost

A

acentric

33
Q

▪ Two centromeres
▪ also genetically unstable because it is not transmitted in a predictable fashion

A

dicentric

33
Q

metacentric chromosomes

A

1, 3, 16, 19, 20 (biggest to smallest) (baby toddler nagsweet 16 at adult)

33
Q

T/F: Acentric cannot be carried in cell division

A

T

34
Q
  • Middle; yielding arms of roughly equal length
  • Centromere is centrally located
  • 5 pairs in humans
A

metacentric

35
Q

submetacentric chromosomes

A

2, 4-12, 17-18, X (bata nagteenager nagdebut at babae sya)

35
Q

▪ Off-center centromere; “q” arm is
longer
▪ Unequal length of chromosome arms
▪ 13 pairs

A

submetacentric

36
Q

▪ Very close to one end; yielding a
small short arm
▪ 5 pairs in humans

A

acrocentric

37
Q

means peak

A

acro

38
Q

Acrocentric is often associated with small pieces of DNA called _______, encoding rRNA

A

satellites

38
Q

acrocentric chromosomes

A

13, 14, 15, 21, 22, Y

38
Q

▪ Centromere at the terminal end
▪ Not found in humans

A

telocentric

38
Q

T/F: Centromere location gives us a clue on the identification of chromosomes during karyotyping

A

T

39
Q

T/F: Telocentric chromosomes may show in people with down syndrome.

A

T

39
Q

what arm does not appear in a telocentric chromosome?

A

p arm

39
Q

arms length of metacentric

A

1.0-1.69

40
Q

arms length of submetacentric

A

1.7-3.0

41
Q

arms length of subtelocentric

A

3.1-6.9

42
Q

arms length of acrocentric

A

> 7.0

43
Q

arms length of telocentric

A

not applicable

44
Q

is reciprocal to the arm ratio. Its values can range from 1 (if S = L) to 0 (if S = 0)

A

S/L

45
Q

It is the proportion of long arm respect with the whole chromosome, being
complementary to the centromeric index. Indeed, [L/(L+S)] + [S/(L+S)] = 1. Its values can range from 0.5 (if S = L) to 1 (if S = 0)

A

L(L+S)

45
Q

also called centromeric index, it is the proportion of short arm respect with the whole chromosome. Its values can range from 0.5 (if S = L) to 0 (if S = 0)

A

S/(L+S)

46
Q

it is the difference between the two (complementary) proportions L/(L+S) and S/(L+S). Hence, its values can range from 0 (if S = L) to 1 (if S = 0)

A

(L–S)/(L+S)

46
Q

it was conceived in order to be complementary to S/L, indeed [(L–S)/L]+S/L = 1. Its values can range from 0 (if S = L) to 1 (if S = 0)

A

(L-S)/L

47
Q

̶- Tip of each chromosome to protect chromatids
̶- Tandem repeats of the hexameric sequence ‘TTAGGG’

A

telomere

48
Q

how many base pairs in ‘TTAGGG’

A

7 base pairs in repeat

48
Q

̶Functions in preserving chromosome stability

A
  1. Preventing abnormal end-to-end fusion of chromosomes
  2. Protecting the ends of chromosomes from degradation
  3. Ensuring complete DNA replication
  4. Having a role in chromosome pairing during meiosis
48
Q

longer/short telomere?

larger the margin of protection of chromosomes from degradation

A

longer telomere

49
Q

longer/short telomere?

prone to degradation

A

short telomere

50
Q

T/F: Individuals with longer telomeres have been reported to have a longer subsequent lifespan in some studies
of vertebrate species, with the predictive power of age per se being lower (12, 13)

A

T

51
Q

type of chromosome that has fused 2 ends

A

ring chromosome

[mt 6315] cytogen (9 decks)

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